Climate Adaptation, Land Acquisition and Security: the Gendered Politics of Dispossession in Pakistan

这项研究将调查与气候（适应）相关的大型开发项目的土地征用对弱势和边缘化公民和社区安全的影响。这项研究将使用性别透镜来揭示公民如何面对不同的被剥夺经历，以及如何利用法律的问责和补救机制。为应对气候变化而开发的两类土地收购将在巴基斯坦两个省的地点进行调查：（1）出售/租赁给外国投资者和/或转换为企业农业农场（CAF）的农村土地;（2）本地-外国投资者为建设与气候相关的大型开发项目而收购的农村和城市土地。主要关切是调查这些进程如何影响当地安全和生计。其次，它侧重于各种行为者/机构如何利用各种透明度、问责制和诉讼机制。信德省和旁遮普省这两个省有着不同的冲突、发展和土地使用历史，提供了重要的分析和比较途径。这些案例研究突出了国际投资、治理制度、土地收购、不同形式的土地剥夺和土著反应之间复杂的相互作用，从而加强了城乡联系的重要性。需要研究的两个机制是，第一，期望气候适应开发者与社区协商，并获得自由、事先和知情的同意。第二，2013年《知情权法令》的作用，该法令据称使普通公民能够获得官方政府文件，并在任何项目、计划或发展被拒绝时诉诸法院。以往的研究强调，巴基斯坦地方冲突的一个核心驱动因素是普通公民缺乏公平的法律的追索和申诉机制。这项研究将提供有价值的数据，说明公民如何看待与气候相关的发展，以及他们是否/如何让开发商承担责任。这些数据将支持适当的能力建设，以促进和平的法律的解决方案，并减轻气候适应的安全风险。

This research will investigate the impacts of land acquisition for climate (adaptation) related mega development projects on the security of vulnerable and marginalised citizens and communities. The research will use a gender lens to uncover how citizens face differentiated experiences of dispossession and access to legal mechanisms of accountability and redress. Two categories of land acquisition that are being developed in response to climate change will be investigated at sites across two of Pakistan's provinces: (1) rural land sold/leased to foreign investors and/or converted to Corporate Agriculture Farms (CAF); and (2) rural and urban land acquisition by local-foreign investors for the construction of climate-related mega development projects. The primary concern is to investigate how local security and livelihoods are impacted by these processes. Secondly it focuses on how various actors/institutions use diverse transparency, accountability and litigation mechanisms. The two provinces - Sindh and Punjab - have diverse histories of conflict, development and land use, offering important analytical and comparative avenues. The case studies reinforce the importance of the rural-urban nexus by bringing to the fore the complex interplay between international investment, governance regimes, land acquisitions, and differentiated forms of land dispossession and indigenous reactions. Two mechanisms to be investigated are, first, the expectation that climate adaptation developers consult communities and obtain Free, Prior and Informed Consent. Secondly, the role of The Right to Information Ordinance 2013 (RTI) which, supposedly, enables ordinary citizens access to official government documents and approach a court if access is denied concerning any project, scheme or development. Previous research has highlighted that a core driver of local conflicts in Pakistan is the lack of fair legal recourse and grievance mechanisms for ordinary citizens. This research will provide valuable data on how citizens see the state in climate-related development and if/how they can hold developers accountable. Such data will support appropriate capacity building to foster peaceful legal resolutions and mitigate for security risks of climate adaptation.