Building Inclusive Civil Societies with, and for, Young People in 5 Post-Conflict Countries

内部冲突、暴力甚至种族灭绝的遗留问题是冲突后国家发展面临的最棘手的障碍之一。对过去的问题仍然缺乏解决办法，往往是造成这些国家的任何发展成果明显脆弱的一个非常重要的因素。我们的项目调查了民间社会组织（民间社会组织，包括博物馆、遗产组织、社区参与性艺术和活动家团体）在五个国家的冲突后促进社会和解和尊重平等和人权的功效，这些国家来自DAC的官方发展援助受援国名单和经合组织的“脆弱国家”名单：哥伦比亚、柬埔寨、卢旺达、科索沃和南非。在过去的40年里，这些国家不得不面对其暴力过去所造成的物质后果。从和解进程才刚刚开始的哥伦比亚到红色高棉的暴力已成为历史的柬埔寨，每个国家都与这一过去有着非常不同的关系，但其记忆仍在影响着当代社会。国际发展界和捐助国在民间社会组织支持和解倡议的工作上投入了大量资金，特别关注儿童和年轻人——由于过去的暴力对他们父母一代的影响，儿童和年轻人在人口中所占比例过大。由于一系列社会问题的长期影响（例如南非的艾滋病毒/艾滋病、科索沃目前的签证限制），这种人口不平衡往往更加严重。民间社会组织总是被认为是“和平建设工作的重要组成部分”（Zelizer 2003）。例如，卢旺达社区剧院的作用经常被引用为支持过渡时期司法的努力，同样，战后科索沃种族间音乐团体的增长也是如此。这些举措可以对参与者产生立竿见影的治疗效果。它们还经常被认为在建立稳定的机构和更强大的社会方面发挥重要作用，在国家结构薄弱的情况下提高对人权的认识。然而，鉴于公民社会组织普遍缺乏可用的资源，以及国际发展的同事将重点放在向他们所支持的社区提供服务的第一线，这些干预措施的有效性的研究证据基础很薄弱。在以往GCRF项目的基础上，我们将首次对一系列冲突后社会的公民社会组织实践进行大规模比较研究，以应对为年轻人提供社会正义而建立强有力机构的挑战。我们将首先对这些国家的公民社会组织目前的工作进行批判性审查，以突出创新实践以及需要进一步调查的领域。根据此次审查的经验教训，这将导致5个“概念验证”试点项目。我们最初的研发阶段将导致两轮项目的启动，一轮针对ecr，另一轮针对所有职业阶段的同事。我们将采用定量和定性、联合制作和行动研究的方法，与这5个国家的高等教育机构和iro的研究人员、当地的民间社会组织、英国文化协会（BC）及其国内合作伙伴网络，以及其他国际发展组织（包括联合国儿童基金会、联合国教科文组织、希望与儿童之家、国际计划、萨尔茨堡全球研讨会、PAX）合作。我们将开发新的方法、案例研究和实用工具包，使儿童和年轻人了解国家暴力历史继续对其社区和国家产生的诸多影响。在这一过程中，我们力求在实地和政策层面进行重大干预，并超越我们的5个案例研究国家。

The legacy of internal conflict, violence, even genocide poses one of the most intractable obstacles to development in post-conflict states. The on-going lack of resolution of the past is often a very significant factor in the marked fragility of any development gains in such countries. Our project investigates the efficacy of civil society organisations (CSOs, including museums, heritage organizations, community participatory arts and activist groups) in promoting social reconciliation and respect for equality and human rights in the aftermath of conflict in 5 countries from across the DAC list of ODA recipients and from the OECD list of 'fragile states': Colombia, Cambodia, Rwanda, Kosovo and South Africa. Over the last 40 years, these countries have had to confront the material consequences of their violent pasts. Each has a very different relationship to this past, from Colombia, where the processes of reconciliation are only just beginning, to Cambodia where the violence of the Khmer Rouge has passed into history and yet its memory continues to shape contemporary society. The international development community and donor states have invested heavily in the work of CSOs supporting reconciliation initiatives, particularly focussed on children and young people - a disproportionately large part of the population due to the effects of past violence on their parents' generation. This demographic imbalance is often exacerbated by the long-term impact of a wide range of social issues (e.g. HIV/AIDs in South Africa, on-going visa restrictions in Kosovo). CSOs are invariably considered 'an essential component of peace-building work' (Zelizer 2003). For example, the role of community theatre in Rwanda is often cited in efforts to support transitional justice, similarly the growth of inter-ethnic musical groups in post-war Kosovo. Such initiatives can have immediate, therapeutic impact for participants. They are also often considered to play an important role in the building of stable institutions, and stronger societies, raising awareness of human rights in the face of weak state structures. However, given the lack of resources generally available in CSOs and the focus of colleagues in international development on the frontline delivery of services to the communities they support, there is only a weak research evidence base for the efficacy of these interventions. Building on our previous GCRF projects, we will deliver the first large-scale comparative study of CSO practice across a range of post-conflict societies, confronting the challenge of building strong institutions for the delivery of social justice for young people. We will begin by undertaking a critical review of current work by CSOs across these countries, in order to highlight innovative practice, as well as areas that require further investigation. This will lead to 5 'proof of concept' pilot projects, based on lessons learnt from this review. Our initial R&D phase will then lead to the commissioning of 2 rounds of projects, one aimed at ECRs, one at colleagues at all career stages. Adopting quantitative and qualitative, co-production and action-research methodologies, we will work in partnership with researchers at HEIs and IROs across these 5 countries, locally-based CSOs, the British Council (BC) and its in-country network of partners, as well as other international development organisations (including UNICEF, UNESCO, Hope and Homes for Children, Plan International, Salzburg Global Seminar, PAX). We will develop new methods, case studies and practical toolkits, for engaging children and young people with the many ways that violent national pasts continue to impact on their communities and countries. In the process we seek to make a significant intervention both on the ground and at policy level across and beyond our 5 case-study countries.