THE NORTHERN WAY: THE ARCHBISHOPS OF YORK AND THE NORTH OF ENGLAND, 1304-1405

14世纪是英格兰北部和英格兰王国作为政治文化实体发展的形成时期。最终，约克大主教理查德·斯克罗普因叛国罪被处决，他在1405年参加了北方反对亨利四世的叛乱。这些事件及其后果将使“北方”和北方的王室政府在未来几个世纪里，通过宗教改革和更远的时间。北方之路始于这样一个命题，即我们不能通过理解约克大主教在1405年之前的一个世纪作为北方领导人所扮演的角色来理解这些事件。作为1296年苏格兰独立战争的结果，英格兰国家采用了新的机制来管理特伦特以北的土地。教会通过动员物质支持、军事领导和促进北方圣徒的邪教，在战争中发挥了积极的领导作用。这一提升主要集中在约克大主教的个性上，除了他们的政治领导外，他们还广泛地参与了牧区改革，并在新的编年史和大大扩大的新上釉的约克市议会议员中受到纪念。最终，作为北方领导人的大主教的代表在1405年因大主教理查德·斯克罗普的叛国罪而陷入叛乱和处决的危机。然而，1405年非凡政治事件的更深层次的历史原因仍然不被理解，在这一时期的八位大主教中，只有一位，阿伦德尔(1388-1396)，是现代详细研究的对象(阿斯顿，1967)。约克大主教在地区政体发展中被忽视的一个原因是不同的历史调查部门之间的分歧，这些部门在这一时期倾向于将政治和教会历史、中央历史和区域历史作为单独的实体对待。另一个原因是主要主要保存在博思威克档案馆和国家档案馆的主要原始资料来源无法获取，但也包括北方其他档案馆的少量档案收藏。该项目将完成一个公开的、全面的、可搜索的网上索引，其中包括教区和国家档案馆中大主教政治活动的所有相关主要来源。它将对其内容进行彻底的定量和定性分析，特别侧重于对大主教在威斯敏斯特统治北方并代表北方的神职人员和俗人进行的人口学和网络分析。最后，它将通过北方和中央政府机构的官方信件和公共纪念活动，对大主教代表中的话语和议程进行比较分析。他们的议程是“北方”议程吗？这是否是解释1405年国家危机的一个更长期的背景？我们的工作将引起历史学家、政治学家和所有对北方身份感兴趣的人的兴趣，无论是过去还是现在。我们将提供一个全面的手段，以获取约克郡大主教以教区、大都市和皇家部长的身份产生的主要记录，并了解其政治性质和影响。我们将创建一个公开的、免费的、可访问的在线索引，以获取所有手稿材料的内容。通过广泛的外部活动方案，包括与当地历史团体、学者、学生和记录保管员举行公开讲座、会议和讲习班。我们将创建可在网上免费获得的无障碍案例研究和视频广播，我们将积极支持和鼓励进一步使用这些材料。我们将通过专著、精选材料的版本以及书籍和期刊上的论文和文章来公布我们的发现和研讨会的结果。

The 14th century was a formative period in the development of both the North of England, and the kingdom of England, as political-cultural entities. It culminated in the execution of Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, for treason, following his participation in the northern rebellion against Henry IV in 1405. These events and their aftermath would condition 'northerness' and royal government of the north for centuries to come, through the Reformation and beyond. The Northern Way begins from the proposition that we cannot understand these events with understanding the role of the archbishops of York as northern leaders in the century before 1405. As a result of the Scottish Wars of Independence from 1296, the English state adopted new mechanisms for governing the lands north of the Trent. The Church provided active leadership in the war through the mobilization of material support, military leadership, and promotion of the cults of the northern saints. Much of this promotion centred on the personalities of the archbishops of York who in addition to their political leadership were extensively engaged in pastoral reform and memorialised in new chronicles and in a greatly enlarged and newly glazed York Minster. Ultimately the representation of the archbishops as northern leaders reached a crisis in the rebellion and execution for treason of Archbishop Richard Scrope in 1405. Yet the deeper historical reasons for the extraordinary political events of 1405 are still not understood and of the eight archbishops of this period only one, Arundel (1388-1396), is the subject of a modern detailed study (Aston, 1967). One reason for the neglect of the archbishops of York in the development of a regional polity is the divide between different branches of historical inquiry which in this period have tended to treat political and ecclesiastical history, central and regional history, as separate entities. Another is the inaccessibility of the key primary sources, which are mainly held in the Borthwick Institute for Archives and The National Archives, but also include small collections of records in other northern record offices. This project will complete a publicly-available comprehensive searchable online index of all relevant primary sources for the political activity of the archbishops from both diocesan and national archives. It will undertake a thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis of their contents with a particular focus on prosopography and network analysis of both clergy and laity engaged by the archbishops in governing the north and representing the north in Westminster. Finally it will undertake a comparative analysis of the discourse and agendas present in the representation of the archbishops through their official correspondence and public memorialisation both in the north and in central institutions of government. Was their agenda a 'northern' agenda and does this emerge as a longer term context explaining the state crisis in 1405? Our work will be of interest to historians, political scientists and to all those interested in northern identity, past and present.We will provide a comprehensive means of accessing the principal records generated by the archbishops of York in their capacity as diocesans, metropolitans and royal ministers, and of understanding their political nature and implications. We will create a public, free and accessible online index to the contents of all the manuscript materials. Through an extensive programme of external activities including public lectures, conferences and workshops with local history groups, scholars, students and record keepers. We will create accessible case studies and videocasts that will be freely available online and we will actively support and encourage further use of the materials. We will publish our findings and the results of the workshops through a monograph, an edition of selected materials, and essays and articles in both books and journals.