The Port-au-Prince-Rio Connection: 'Collateral Damage' by UN Troops in Haiti and Brazilian Troops in Rio

影响和参与促进发展项目的目的是扩大GCRF AHRC资助的关于联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)使用致命武力的研究的影响，以参与巴西类似受影响的社区。背景除了同行评议的学术文章外，AHRC项目AH/N00793X/1还制作了一部采用参与性做法的电影《与你在一起：联合国驻海地维和人员使用武力》(www.itstayswith you.com/Film)，展示了幸存者的证词，他们的亲人在针对帮派暴力的高度军事化执法行动中被联海稳定团杀害或受伤。这部电影已经在国际上上映(详情请参见www.itstayswith you.com)。它于2018年7月在人权理事会会议上作为会外活动放映，并被选为2019年法国大赦国际电影节的参展影片。2018年6月26日，我们收到了主管维和事务副秘书长让-皮埃尔·拉克鲁瓦的电子邮件，回复了他长达9个月的电子邮件以及我们访问中非稳定团(取代联海稳定团的联合国驻海地特派团)寻求调查的情况。拉克鲁瓦感谢我们提请他注意电影中提出的问题，并向我们保证，联合国(UN)正在认真对待这一问题，他将在适当的时候提供进一步的细节。我们认为，重要的是继续提高人们的意识，并敦促进行调查，直到联合国提供解决受影响者关切的公开回应。因此，我们计划扩大我们在国际上的影响和参与活动，特别将重点放在巴西，因为最近在巴西的贫民窟和难民营进行了类似于联海稳定团在海地进行的军事化执法行动，导致人员伤亡，并被认为对武装部队的行动缺乏问责。有人认为，联海稳定团为“获得和/或改进与社会控制和安抚有关的技能和知识提供了机会，这些技能和知识可以在任何其他(城市)环境中加以调整和执行”。Http://www.opeu.org.br/2018/05/25/as-licoes-do-haiti/.2010年的维拉·克鲁塞罗行动就是执法行动中数十名旁观者被杀的一个例子。指挥官萨登贝格将军曾在第一批巴西特遣队服役，巴拉奎迪斯塔旅的800名成员中有一半以上是海地退伍军人(Harig，2015)。这个问题是热门话题，因为在总统特梅尔2月份下令军方负责里约热内卢的安全行动后，2018年军事化执法行动急剧增加。6月，一名儿童在马雷贫民窟的一次军队行动中被打死：据报道，救护车最初被拒绝进入。GCRF FOF PROJECT我们将与我们的项目合作者一起放映这部电影，与受类似行动影响的社区讨论它提出的问题，并与他们以及我们在日内瓦和纽约的联系人合作，以a)寻求对巴西和海地此类行动造成的伤亡进行调查，以及b)向联合国施压，以颁布旨在确保联合国及其成员国在所有军事化执法行动中遵守人权标准的标准。利用参与性做法，我们将扩展我们的网站www.itstayswith you.com，提供来自巴西的拍摄证词，重点是幸存者和医疗专业人员。我们将对海地和巴西军事化警务行动之间的联系进行文献审查，并在此基础上撰写关于局势和在联合国层面解决这些问题的必要性的报告。我们的目标是在国际和巴西媒体/社交媒体和同行评议的期刊上发表文章。

THE PURPOSE of the Impact and Engagement for Development Project is to expand the impact of the GCRF AHRC funded research on use of deadly force by the UN Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), to engage similarly affected communities in Brazil. BACKGROUNDIn addition to peer reviewed academic articles, the AHRC project AH/N00793X/1, produced a film using participatory practices, 'It Stays With You: Use of Force by UN Peacekeepers in Haiti' (www.itstayswithyou.com/film) which presents testimonies of survivors whose loved ones were killed or injured by MINUSTAH during heavily militarised law enforcement operations targeted at gang violence. The film has been shown internationally (see www.itstayswithyou.com for details). It was screened as a side event at the Human Rights Council session in July 2018 and has been selected for the Amnesty International Film Festival, France, 2019. On 26 June 2018, we received an email from Under Secretary-General for Peacekeeping, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, in response to nine months of emails to him and a visit by us to MINUJUSTH (the UN mission in Haiti that replaced MINUSTAH) seeking an investigation. Lacroix thanked us for drawing his attention to the issues raised in the film, assured us that the United Nations (UN) is taking the issue seriously and that he will respond with further details in due course. We believe it is important to continue to raise awareness and press for an investigation up until the UN provides a public response that addresses the concerns of those affected. Therefore, we plan to expand our impact and engagement activities internationally, focusing in particular on Brazil because militarised law enforcement operations similar to ones conducted by MINUSTAH in Haiti have recently been undertaken in Brazil's favelas and refugee camps leading to deaths and injuries - and to a perceived lack of accountability for the actions of the armed forces.THE PORT-AU-PRINCE RIO CONNECTIONBrazil contributed the commanders and most of the troops to the UN mission in Haiti. It has been argued that MINUSTAH provided the opportunity for 'acquisition and/or improvement of skills and knowledge related to social control and pacification, which could be adapted and executed in any other (urban) context'.' http://www.opeu.org.br/2018/05/25/as-licoes-do-haiti/. The Vila Cruzeiro operation in 2010 is one example of a law enforcement operation in which dozens of bystanders were killed. The commander, General Sardenberg, served in the first Brazilian contingent and more than half of the 800 members of the Brigada de Infantaria Paraquedista were Haiti veterans (Harig, 2015.) The issue is topical due to the sharp increase in militarised law enforcement operations in 2018 following a decree by President Temer in February putting the military in charge of security operations in Rio. In June a child was killed in an army operation in the Mare favela: reportedly ambulances were initially denied access. GCRF FoF PROJECTWe will work with our project collaborators to screen the film, discuss the issues it raises with communities affected by similar operations, and work with them and our contacts in Geneva and New York to a) seek investigations into deaths and injuries as result of such operations in both Brazil and Haiti and b) pressure the UN to promulgate standards designed to ensure that both the UN and its member states comply with human rights standards in all militarised law enforcement operations. Using participatory practices, we will expand our website www.itstayswithyou.com with filmed testimonies from Brazil, focusing on survivors and medical professionals. We will undertake a literature review of the links between militarised policing operations in Haiti and Brazil, and build on it to write reports on the situation and the need for these issues to be addressed at UN level. We aim to publish in the international and Brazilian press/social media and peer reviewed journals.