Alcohol, Race and Ethnicity: The United States, Mexico and the Wider World, 1845-1940

对“民族”或“民族”饮酒方式的刻板印象可能有害，因为它会塑造饮酒行为并助长种族偏见。至少从19世纪开始，种族成见就影响了美国和墨西哥以及世界其他地区的酒精管制、营销做法和减少危害的政策。有些人至今仍在这样做，对公共卫生和种族关系造成严重后果。了解这些种族刻板印象的历史和发展是减少其危害的关键一步。本项目研究了1845年至1940年间美国和墨西哥关于饮酒的种族刻板印象是如何以及为什么形成的，以及它们是如何相互作用的。对于这一时期形成的关于不同民族饮酒行为的多重种族刻板印象之间的对话程度，我们知之甚少。我们也不知道关于酒精和种族的跨国交流的程度和影响。从1845年到1940年，美国和墨西哥之间的文化接触和冲突不断增加，两国的民族认同观念形成的基础是种族意识形态。因此，分析境内外不同刻板印象的共性和相互作用可以揭示关于饮酒的种族刻板印象之间的关系，关于国家状况的辩论，以及美国和墨西哥之间日益不平等的权力关系。为了实现这一点，研究分析了加强国际交流的要点：美墨战争（1846-48），国际展览（1876-1929），国际酒精会议（1885-1939）和禁酒之旅（1891-1940）。为了系统地研究一系列大众和官方对酒精的看法，它研究了各种各样的历史材料，包括日记、信件、报纸、军事野战命令、展览目录、获奖名单和评论、会议记录、政府教育和发展记录以及国际禁酒组织的文件。这项关于美国和墨西哥种族刻板印象的历史研究将作为一本书长度的专著、期刊文章和会议论文传播。这也将成为合作调查饮酒行为种族化这一全球现象的起点。我将召开两个小型研讨会和一个更大的跨学科会议，以在全球范围内领导关于酒精和种族的合作研究议程，并出版一本编辑过的书。在整个项目中，博客文章和工作论文将在网上发布，描绘研究的发展，并通过社交媒体进行宣传。我召集了一个饮酒研究网络，每月有275名学术和非学术订阅者发布一份时事通讯，还有一个拥有超过1550名粉丝的twitter账户。这将确保项目正在进行的研究、活动和产出能够接触到广泛的受众。反过来，该奖学金将提高我的能力，带领该网络向新的方向发展，巩固其国际影响力，并为未来在全球范围内的合作研究提供一个模式。为了宣传这项研究如何有助于改进减少酒精相关危害的当代方法，我将与英国酒精研究所/关注酒精组织的研究和政策主任合作，该组织是英国最重要的慈善机构，致力于减少酒精相关危害。主任将参与项目的所有活动，作为导师，成功地动员历史研究为当代政策提供信息，并协助我巩固与英国及其他地区的其他组织的工作关系。为了建立这方面的能力，我将召开一个进一步的研讨会，培训艺术和人文学者与寻求解决饮酒问题的组织合作。

Stereotypes about "national" or "ethnic" drinking styles can be harmful, both by shaping drinking behaviours and by fostering racial prejudice. Racial stereotypes have shaped alcohol regulation, marketing practices and harm-reduction policies in the United States and Mexico, and in other parts of the world, since at least the nineteenth century. Some continue to do so to this day, with serious consequences for public health and race relations.Understanding the history and development of these racial stereotypes is a critical step in reducing the harm that they do. This project examines how and why racial stereotypes about drinking developed in the United States and Mexico between 1845 and 1940, and how they interacted. Very little is known about the extent of dialogue between the multiple racial stereotypes about the drinking behaviours of different ethnic groups that formed in this time period. Nor do we know the extent and effects of transnational exchanges about alcohol and race.The period from 1845 to 1940 was marked by increasing intercultural contact and conflict between the US and Mexico, and by racial ideologies underpinning the formation of ideas of national identity in both countries. Analysing the commonalities and interaction of different stereotypes within and across borders can therefore reveal the relationship between the racial stereotypes about drinking, debates about the state of the nation, and the increasingly unequal power relations between the US and Mexico. To achieve this, the research analyses points of heightened international exchange: the Mexican American War (1846-48), international exhibitions (1876-1929), international alcohol conferences (1885-1939) and temperance tours (1891-1940). To systematically examine a range of popular and official perspectives on alcohol, it studies a diverse range of historical material, including diaries, correspondence, newspapers, military field orders, exhibition catalogues, prize lists and commentaries, conference proceedings, government education and development records, and the papers of international temperance organisations.This historical study of racial stereotypes in the US and Mexico will be disseminated as a book length monograph, journal articles and conference papers. It will also be the starting point for a collaborative investigation of the racialisation of drinking behaviours as a global phenomenon. I will convene two small workshops and a larger interdisciplinary conference to lead a collaborative research agenda on alcohol and race in a global context, resulting in the publication of an edited book. Throughout the project, blog posts and working papers will be published online, charting the development of the research, and publicised via social media. I convene a Drinking Studies Network, which issues a monthly newsletter with 275 academic and non-academic subscribers and has a twitter account with over 1,550 followers. This will ensure the project's ongoing research, events and outputs reach a wide audience. In turn, the fellowship will improve my capacity to lead the Network in new directions, consolidating its international reach and impact and providing a model for future collaborative research on a global scale.To disseminate how this research can help to improve contemporary approaches to reducing alcohol-related harm, I will work with the Director of Research and Policy at Alcohol Research UK/Alcohol Concern, the UK's most important charity working to reduce alcohol-related harm. The Director will participate in all the project's events, act as a mentor in successfully mobilising historical research to inform contemporary policy, and assist me in cementing working relationships with other organisations in the UK and beyond. To build capacity in this area, I will convene a further workshop that trains arts and humanities scholars to engage with organisations seeking to address problem drinking.