Understanding and Addressing the Impact of Invisibility on Conflict-Related Male Sex Violence in Syria

国际社会有义务或“有责任保护”的概念并不新鲜。它不仅在武装冲突的背景下提出，而且在处理经济、社会和文化权利时也提出。在这两种情况下，这一概念包括：尊重的义务；保护和的责任；履行的义务，即积极努力建立政治、经济和社会制度以及基础设施，使所有人口成员都有机会享有受保障的权利。虽然履行这些义务的责任主要落在一国在其境内未能履行或缺乏能力的国家身上，但这一责任日益落在国际社会身上。反过来，会员国试图通过制定保护干预措施来回应生活在脆弱和受冲突影响国家（FCAS）的个人的需求。然而，从现有的学术研究和联合国报告中可以清楚地看出，确定确认权利和减轻身心伤害的最有效和适当的保护干预措施对国际社会构成了许多重大挑战。在关注与冲突有关的性暴力（CRSV）方面，本提案将解决这样一个挑战，并填补我们认为目前关于男性CRSV幸存者的研究中的重大空白。根据吉尔·斯托弗（Jill Stauffer, 2015）和菲利普·舒尔茨（Philipp Schultz, 2018）的研究，我们将把斯托弗的“伦理孤独”概念应用到男性CRSV幸存者身上，该概念被定义为“当一个人，作为一个受侵犯的人或受迫害群体的一员，被人类或当权者抛弃时感受到的孤独感”(1)。我们认为，在关注这一主题群体并采用这一概念框架时，我们的研究将涉及这一呼吁的四个指定主题领域：违规行为的影响、缺失或无效保护规划的影响、识别保护的影响、针对被排除在目标保护/响应之外的群体的影响。在他对乌干达性暴力的研究中，舒尔茨认为，更好地理解“外部强加的和针对性别的沉默的影响”具有“比男性性暴力更广泛的效用”，使我们能够更好地理解和解决“更广泛的政治和战时性别暴力幸存者”的多重需求。在男性CRSV的研究中，提出的研究和方法将解决“卵子模型”的每个方面：1。为理解导致男性CRSV的因素及其虐待模式提供一个全面的基础；2. 审查最初的侵犯行为和男性性别歧视不可见造成的后续伤害的影响，包括：幸存者及其家人无法获得适当的、文化上和性别上敏感的治疗和支持；对社区社会凝聚力的影响；任何可能出现的进一步暴力。3. 制定关键战略，解决男性性暴力和性暴力不可见的问题，并促进获得关键支持和康复服务，包括性健康和生殖健康、其他医疗保健、精神健康和社会心理支持、保护以及获得司法/赔偿的机会。在每一项任务中，研究问题的设计都是为了询问隐形的驱动因素（耻辱、禁忌、风险、性别规范、缺乏或被排除在政策和规划之外），这些因素可能使男性SV幸存者落后。这反过来又影响更广泛的社区（包括家庭——特别是妇女和女孩，以及冲突后的社区恢复）的凝聚力、稳定性和恢复，并从更长期来看，可能会出现其他暴行犯罪的代际传播。研究设计还将考虑风险因素/受害者学和类型，寻求首先识别男性和男孩的CRSV风险和脆弱性（警报、预防、保护）。

The notion that the international community has a duty or "responsibility to protect" is not new. It has been raised not only in the context of armed conflict but also when addressing economic, social and cultural rights. In both contexts, the concept includes: the duty to respect; the duty to protect and; the duty to fulfil, that is, to work actively to establish political, economic, and social systems as well as infrastructure that provide access to the guaranteed right to all members of the population. While the responsibility to fulfil these obligations fall primarily to states within their own borders where a state fails or lacks capacity, that responsibility increasingly falls to the international community. Member states have, in turn, attempted to respond to the needs of individuals living in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCAS) by developing protection interventions. Yet what is clear from existing academic research and UN reports, determining the most effective and appropriate protection interventions that affirm rights and mitigate physical or psychological harm poses a number of significant challenges for the international community. In focusing on conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), this proposal will address one such challenge and fill what we argue to be significant gaps in current research on male CRSV survivors. Drawing on the work of Jill Stauffer (2015) and Philipp Schultz (2018), we will apply Stauffer's concept of 'ethical loneliness,' defined as the "isolation one feels when one, as a violated person or as one member of a persecuted group, has been abandoned by humanity, or by those who have power" (1) to male CRSV survivors. We argue that in focusing on this subject group and adopting this conceptual framework, our research will engage four of the designated thematic areas of this call-Impact of Violations, Impact of Absent or Ineffective Protection Programming, Impact of Recognition Protection, Impact of Targeting on groups excluded from targeted protection/response. In his Ugandan study of sexual violence, Schultz argues that providing a better understanding of the "effects of externally imposed and gender-specific silencing" has a "wider utility beyond male sexual violence" allowing us to better understand and address the multiple needs of "survivors of political and wartime gendered violence more broadly." In focusing on male CRSV, the research and methods proposed will address each prong of the 'egg model' and:1. Provide a comprehensive base for understanding the factors that lead to male CRSV, and its patterns of abuse; 2. Examine the impact of the initial violation and subsequent harm from the invisibility of male CRSV including: lack of access to appropriate, culturally and gender sensitive treatment and support for survivors and their family; impact on societal cohesion of their community and; any further violence that may manifest. 3. Develop key strategies to address the layers of invisibility of male CRSV, and facilitate access to critical support and recovery services, including sexual and reproductive health (SRH), other medical care, Mental Health and Psycho-Social Support (MHPSS), protection, and access to justice/reparations.In each of these tasks, the research questions are designed to interrogate the drivers of invisibility (stigma, taboos, risks, gendered norms, absence or exclusion from policies and programming) which can leave male SV survivors behind. This, in turn, effects cohesion, stability and recovery within the wider community (including families - specifically women and girls, and community recovery post-conflict), and longer term, perhaps inter-generational transmission which has been seen for other atrocity crimes. The research design will also consider risk factors/victimology and typology, seeking to recognise risks and vulnerabilities of men and boys for CRSV in the first place (alert, prevention, protection).