Refugee-Host Solidarity & Social Cohesion as Humanitarian Objectives? Critical Studies of Host-Inclusive Refugee Programmes in Kenya and Lebanon

2016年，出席《关于难民和移民问题的纽约宣言》的代表们呼吁重新关注收容国和受难民到来影响的社区所面临的负担。在2015年所谓的“难民危机”期间，欧洲一直是媒体关注的焦点，但世界上绝大多数难民生活在全球南方的中低收入国家，这些国家的收容社区往往在流离失所人口到来之前就面临经济困难。《纽约宣言》承认，如果不处理这一负担，难民将在他们寻求庇护的国家面临越来越多的敌意。一种反应是将东道国纳入难民方案拟订，这是一项旨在促进社会凝聚力、为地方发展提供人道主义资源和减少受流离失所影响社区的仇外心理的战略。然而，支持这一做法的证据基础主要是经济方面的，侧重于收容难民的负担和利益，很少有人类学和社会学研究涉及收容中影响流行陈规定型观念和社区关系的更密切的社会方面。这反映在缺乏对“社会凝聚力”等政策目标的定义上，“社会凝聚力”通常模糊地指社区内部或社区之间的团结感。很少有人批判性地研究社会凝聚力方案设计的前提，它们在实现预期社会结果方面的有效性，或将人道主义方案的范围扩大到包括东道国的意外结构和政治后果。该项目需要对社会凝聚力项目及其实施背景进行深入的民族志研究，将社会学、历史学和人类学的视角引入最近在流离失所的人道主义应对中出现的“东道国包容性”转变。将在肯尼亚和黎巴嫩这两个收容大量难民人口的国家的多个地点进行比较研究，由一个多学科研究小组利用政策和规划研究、城市研究以及和平与安全研究领域的专门知识。研究人员将在参与社会凝聚力干预的社区中进行长时间的参与性观察，社区成员将通过参与性工作组直接参与研究。将对不同干预措施在实现其预期社会结果方面的有效性进行若干简短的定量影响评估，以补充定性见解。除了学术贡献外，该项目还将为人道主义组织采取的策略提供信息，以减少难民收容的紧张局势，改善参与两个群体的项目的互利关系，并减轻意想不到的后果。通过我们的项目合作伙伴耶稣会难民服务中心（一个国际难民保护非政府组织），将“社会凝聚力”置于其2018-2023年战略框架的中心，将扩大影响。

In 2016, delegates at the New York Declaration on Refugees and Migrants called for renewed attention to the burdens faced by host countries and communities affected by the arrival of refugees. While Europe had been the focus of much media attention during the so-called "refugee crisis" in 2015, the vast majority of the world's refugees live in low- and middle-income countries of the Global South, where host communities often face economic hardships even before the arrival of displaced populations. The New York Declaration recognised that if this burden was not addressed, refugees would face increasing hostility in the countries where they seek asylum.One response has been to include hosts in refugee programming, a strategy intended to foster social cohesion, contribute humanitarian resources to local development, and reduce xenophobia among displacement-affected communities. However, the evidence base supporting this approach is largely economic - focused on the burdens and benefits of hosting refugees - with few anthropological and sociological studies that address the more intimate social aspects of hosting that influence popular stereotypes and community relations. This is reflected in the lack of definition for policy objectives like 'social cohesion', which often refers vaguely to the sense of solidarity within or between communities. There has been little critical study of the premises upon which social cohesion programmes are devised, their effectiveness in achieving intended social outcomes, or the unintended structural and political consequences of extending the remit of humanitarian programmes to include hosts.This project entails an in-depth ethnographic study of social cohesion programmes and the contexts in which they are implemented, bringing sociological, historical, and anthropological lenses to bear on the recent 'host inclusivity' turn in humanitarian responses to displacement. Comparative research will be undertaken in multiple sites across two countries hosting large refugee populations - Kenya and Lebanon - with a multi-disciplinary research team drawing on expertise in the areas of policy and planning studies, urban studies, and peace and security studies. Researchers will spend extended periods of participant observation among communities involved in social cohesion interventions, and community members will engage directly in the research through participatory working groups. Qualitative insights will be supplemented by a number of short quantitative impact assessments of the effectiveness of different interventions in achieving their intended social outcomes.In addition to its academic contributions, this project would inform the strategies that humanitarian organisations adopt to reduce refugee-host tensions, improve the mutual benefits of programmes that engage both groups, and mitigate unintended outcomes. Impact will be amplified via our project partner the Jesuit Refugee Service, an international refugee protection NGO that has put 'social cohesion' at the centre of its 2018-2023 Strategic Framework.