Cohesion & the Creative Economy: Inclusive Arts-based Programming for Peace, Stability and Conflict Prevention in Contexts of Protracted Displacement

2020年，全世界超过86%的流离失所者生活在所谓的“发展中国家”，这些国家的政府和收容社区收容他们的能力有限。共同经历经济困难可以成为难民-收容国团结的基础，但它们往往会引起社区间的紧张关系，因为难民是地方和国家问题的替罪羊，以至于小规模的个人纠纷可能会爆发为仇外暴力。针对这一现实，在过去十年中，促进难民和收容社区之间和平共处和社会凝聚力的援助项目激增。SOCHO(“社会凝聚力作为人道主义目标”)项目是由AHRC和FCDO共同资助的一项持续的跨学科研究，旨在改善设计和实施此类方案的证据基础。这项研究的重点是黎巴嫩和肯尼亚，这两个国家几十年来一直收容着来自各自地区的大量难民。我们的研究设计包括对选定的项目进行参与性项目评估，以比较不同模式的影响。然而，研究的早期阶段产生了丰富的故事讲述，远远超出了我们对参与者的预期。虽然讲故事对研究很有用，但它也是一种挑战分裂叙事和建立跨越社会边界的理解的手段。这一点尤其重要，因为自该项目开始以来，我们的网站出现了平行的危机：黎巴嫩国家货币崩溃，以及随着政府推动关闭营地，肯尼亚面临被迫遣返难民的威胁。这个后续项目将把肯尼亚和黎巴嫩的当地电影制作人纳入正在进行的SOCHO活动，调动他们的创造力，以增强我们参与式研究的影响力，同时还将研究过程中出现的故事重新处理为当地观众制作的非学术电影内容。在第一阶段，当地电影制作人将接受参与式方法的培训，并将在每个国家进行3次深入评估的“指导拍摄”。在有指导的拍摄中，评估参与者推动叙事，而电影制作人则运用他们的技巧有效、深情和敏感地传达这些故事。在第二阶段，电影制作人还将把有指导的拍摄扩展到经常被排除在难民问题研究和评估之外的群体：牧民。黎巴嫩东部的贝都因人和肯尼亚北部的图尔卡纳牧民都占了当地难民收容人口的很大一部分，但众所周知，他们很难接受调查和结构化采访，因为他们的非识字率很高，地点不同，沟通方式也不同。我们的“指导拍摄”方法提供了一种创新的、非文本的方法，让牧民参与到一个更广泛的参与过程中。这项活动借鉴了Socho项目的早期观察，即牧民的身份和遗产贯穿了这两个地点的难民和收容者的边界，可能提供了一条被低估的建设和平的途径。根据可持续发展目标16(“促进公正、和平和包容的社会”)，我们的电影作品将为当地社区制作和放映。第一阶段的电影作品描绘了跨越难民和收容国分歧的共同挑战和经历，与以难民为替罪羊的流行叙事背道而驰。这部第二阶段的电影将聚焦于作为桥梁建设者的共同牧民遗产，将在两国的社区放映，发送给和平建设组织，并在达纳+20流动人民会议上展示。与我们的项目伙伴耶稣会难民服务机构一起，我们还将利用圆桌会议“揭开”以电影为基础的评估的神秘面纱，并促进将当地电影制作人纳入方案评估进程和冲突评估。

In 2020, over 86 percent of displaced people around the world were living in so-called "developing" countries, where governments and host communities have limited capacity to accommodate them. Shared experiences of economic hardship can be a basis for refugee-host solidarity, but they often give rise to inter-communal tensions as refugees are scapegoated for local and national problems, such that small-scale personal disputes can erupt into xenophobic violence. In response to this reality, there has been a proliferation over the past decade of aid projects that promote peaceful coexistence and social cohesion between refugees and host communities.The SoCHO ("Social Cohesion as a Humanitarian Objective") project is an ongoing interdisciplinary study funded jointly by the AHRC and the FCDO which aims to improve the evidence base upon which such programmes are designed and implemented. The study focuses on Lebanon and Kenya, two countries that have for decades hosted large refugee populations from across their respective regions. Our research design involves conducting participatory project assessments of selected projects, to compare the impacts of different models.However, the early phases of research have yielded rich storytelling far beyond what we anticipated from participants. While useful for research, storytelling is also a means of challenging divisive narratives and building understanding across social boundaries. This is especially important in light of the parallel crises that have unfolded in our sites since the project began: the collapse of the national currency in Lebanon, and the threat of forced refugee repatriation in Kenya as the government pushes to close its camps.This follow-on project would incorporate local filmmakers in Kenya and Lebanon into ongoing SoCHO activities, mobilising their creative capacities to enhance the impact of our participatory research, while also re-working the stories that emerge during research into non-academic film content produced for local audiences. During Phase 1, local filmmakers will be trained in participatory methods, and will conduct "guided filming" at 3 in-depth assessments in each country. In guided filming, assessment participants drive the narrative, while the filmmakers apply their craft to convey these stories effectively, affectively and sensitively. In Phase 2, filmmakers will also extend guided filming to a demographic that is often excluded from research and evaluation on refugee issues: pastoralists. Both Bedouin in eastern Lebanon and Turkana herders in northern Kenya make up a large part of the local refugee-hosting populations, yet they are notoriously difficult to reach for surveys and structured interviews, due to their high rates of non-literacy, shifting locations, and differences in communicative style. Our "guided filming" method offers an innovative, non-textual approach to engaging pastoralists in an extended participatory process. This activity draws upon an early observation from the SoCHO project, which is that pastoralist identity and heritage cross-cuts the refugee-host boundary in both sites, and may offer an under-appreciated avenue peace-building. In line with SDG 16 ("promoting just, peaceful and inclusive societies"), our film outputs will be produced for and screened to local communities. The Phase 1 film outputs depict shared challenges and experiences that traverse the refugee-host divide, and which counter popular narratives that scapegoat refugees. The Phase 2 film will focus on shared pastoralist heritage as a bridge-builder, and will be screened to communities in both countries, sent to peace-building organisations, and presented at the Dana+20 meeting on Mobile Peoples. Alongside our project partner, the Jesuit Refugee Service, we will also use roundtables to "demystify" film-based assessment, and to promote incorporation of local film-makers into programme evaluation processes and conflict assessments.