Cohesion & the Creative Economy: Inclusive Arts-based Programming for Peace, Stability and Conflict Prevention in Contexts of Protracted Displacement

2020年，全球86%以上的流离失所者生活在所谓的“发展中”国家，这些国家的政府和收容社区收容他们的能力有限。共同的经济困难经历可以成为难民收容国团结一致的基础，但由于难民成为地方和国家问题的替罪羊，这些经历往往引起族群间的紧张关系，以致小规模的个人争端可能爆发为仇外暴力。为了应对这一现实，过去十年来，促进难民和收容社区之间和平共处和社会凝聚力的援助项目激增。SoCHO（“作为人道主义目标的社会凝聚力”）项目是一项正在进行的跨学科研究，由人权委员会和人道主义发展组织共同资助，旨在改进设计和执行这些方案所依据的证据基础。这项研究的重点是黎巴嫩和肯尼亚，这两个国家几十年来收容了来自各自地区的大量难民。我们的研究设计包括对选定的项目进行参与式项目评估，以比较不同模式的影响。然而，研究的早期阶段已经产生了丰富的故事，远远超出了我们对参与者的预期。虽然对研究有用，但讲故事也是挑战分裂叙事和建立跨社会理解的一种手段。鉴于自项目开始以来在我们的地点展开的平行危机，这一点尤为重要：黎巴嫩国家货币的崩溃，以及肯尼亚政府推动关闭难民营而被迫遣返难民的威胁。这个后续项目将把肯尼亚和黎巴嫩的当地电影制作人纳入正在进行的SoCHO活动，调动他们的创作能力，以增强我们的参与性研究的影响，同时也将研究过程中出现的故事重新加工成为当地观众制作的非学术电影内容。在第一阶段，当地电影人将接受参与式方法的培训，并将在每个国家进行三次深入评估的“指导拍摄”。在引导拍摄中，评估参与者推动叙事，而电影制作人则运用他们的技巧有效、有效和敏感地传达这些故事。在第二阶段，电影人还将把引导拍摄扩展到经常被排除在难民问题研究和评估之外的人口群体：牧民。黎巴嫩东部的贝都因人和肯尼亚北部的图尔卡纳牧民构成了当地收容难民人口的很大一部分，但由于他们的高文盲率、不断变化的居住地和沟通方式的差异，他们很难进行调查和结构化访谈。我们的“引导拍摄”方法提供了一种创新的、非文本的方法，让牧民参与到一个广泛的参与过程中。这项活动借鉴了SoCHO项目的早期观察，即牧民身份和遗产在两个地点都跨越了难民收容的边界，可能提供了一条不受重视的和平建设途径。根据可持续发展目标16（“促进公正、和平和包容的社会”），我们的电影作品将为当地社区制作并放映。第一阶段的电影作品描绘了跨越难民-东道国鸿沟的共同挑战和经历，并与将难民作为替罪羊的流行叙事相反。第二阶段的影片将重点关注作为桥梁的共同牧民遗产，并将在两国社区放映，发送给建设和平组织，并在“德纳+20”流动人口会议上展示。与我们的项目合作伙伴耶稣会难民服务中心一起，我们还将利用圆桌会议来“消除”基于电影的评估的神秘性，并促进将当地电影制作人纳入项目评估过程和冲突评估。

In 2020, over 86 percent of displaced people around the world were living in so-called "developing" countries, where governments and host communities have limited capacity to accommodate them. Shared experiences of economic hardship can be a basis for refugee-host solidarity, but they often give rise to inter-communal tensions as refugees are scapegoated for local and national problems, such that small-scale personal disputes can erupt into xenophobic violence. In response to this reality, there has been a proliferation over the past decade of aid projects that promote peaceful coexistence and social cohesion between refugees and host communities.The SoCHO ("Social Cohesion as a Humanitarian Objective") project is an ongoing interdisciplinary study funded jointly by the AHRC and the FCDO which aims to improve the evidence base upon which such programmes are designed and implemented. The study focuses on Lebanon and Kenya, two countries that have for decades hosted large refugee populations from across their respective regions. Our research design involves conducting participatory project assessments of selected projects, to compare the impacts of different models.However, the early phases of research have yielded rich storytelling far beyond what we anticipated from participants. While useful for research, storytelling is also a means of challenging divisive narratives and building understanding across social boundaries. This is especially important in light of the parallel crises that have unfolded in our sites since the project began: the collapse of the national currency in Lebanon, and the threat of forced refugee repatriation in Kenya as the government pushes to close its camps.This follow-on project would incorporate local filmmakers in Kenya and Lebanon into ongoing SoCHO activities, mobilising their creative capacities to enhance the impact of our participatory research, while also re-working the stories that emerge during research into non-academic film content produced for local audiences. During Phase 1, local filmmakers will be trained in participatory methods, and will conduct "guided filming" at 3 in-depth assessments in each country. In guided filming, assessment participants drive the narrative, while the filmmakers apply their craft to convey these stories effectively, affectively and sensitively. In Phase 2, filmmakers will also extend guided filming to a demographic that is often excluded from research and evaluation on refugee issues: pastoralists. Both Bedouin in eastern Lebanon and Turkana herders in northern Kenya make up a large part of the local refugee-hosting populations, yet they are notoriously difficult to reach for surveys and structured interviews, due to their high rates of non-literacy, shifting locations, and differences in communicative style. Our "guided filming" method offers an innovative, non-textual approach to engaging pastoralists in an extended participatory process. This activity draws upon an early observation from the SoCHO project, which is that pastoralist identity and heritage cross-cuts the refugee-host boundary in both sites, and may offer an under-appreciated avenue peace-building. In line with SDG 16 ("promoting just, peaceful and inclusive societies"), our film outputs will be produced for and screened to local communities. The Phase 1 film outputs depict shared challenges and experiences that traverse the refugee-host divide, and which counter popular narratives that scapegoat refugees. The Phase 2 film will focus on shared pastoralist heritage as a bridge-builder, and will be screened to communities in both countries, sent to peace-building organisations, and presented at the Dana+20 meeting on Mobile Peoples. Alongside our project partner, the Jesuit Refugee Service, we will also use roundtables to "demystify" film-based assessment, and to promote incorporation of local film-makers into programme evaluation processes and conflict assessments.