Flamenco after Franco: New Interdisciplinary Approaches to Performances of Memory in Post-Dictatorial Spain

弗拉门戈是西班牙最受欢迎的表现文化形式之一。它在世界各地都有实践，2010年被列入联合国教科文组织的非物质文化遗产名录，这表明它已经成为国际共同遗产。然而，弗拉门戈仍然在很大程度上缺席了更广泛的学术和社会辩论，关于西班牙近代史上最有影响力和尚未解决的事件：佛朗哥独裁统治（1939-1975）。虽然有一些著名的弗拉门戈歌曲和采访口头上提到了佛朗哥统治下不同艺术家所遭受的苦难和镇压，但这些经历在弗拉门戈社区之外还不可见。此外，到目前为止，还没有关于佛朗哥时代的记忆如何不仅通过口头表达-例如通过歌曲的歌词-而且通过歌曲、舞蹈和其他具体实践的非语言方面表达的实质性研究。鉴于弗拉门戈被广泛认为是自17世纪世纪以来西班牙南部贫困下层阶级遭受贫困、迫害和压迫的经历的一种表达，这种研究空白就更加引人注目了。如果这是真的，那么，弗拉门戈是如何帮助艺术家们表达在佛朗哥独裁统治下更近的迫害，镇压和被迫流离失所的经历的？特别是现在，佛朗哥独裁统治的未解决遗产在政治，社会，媒体和学术界广泛辩论，而在独裁统治中幸存下来的弗拉门戈艺术家正在衰老和死亡，学者，艺术家和国际观众迫切需要了解弗拉门戈如何成为一种媒介，以记住和科普佛朗哥时代的暴力和创伤经历。该项目将创建一个开创性的跨学科弗拉门戈和记忆网络，与学者，艺术家和国际文化产业的成员一起研究如何通过弗拉门戈表达佛朗哥独裁统治的记忆，并找到提高西班牙和国际上对这些记忆的认识的策略。在项目的第一年，将在西班牙南部的两个弗拉门戈首都举办两个研讨会。在格拉纳达的第一次研讨会上，PI，Co-I，弗拉门戈艺术家和当地研究人员将整理口述历史，以确定弗拉门戈社区的生活和艺术实践受到佛朗哥独裁统治的影响。塞维利亚的研讨会2将更具体地探讨弗拉门戈如何成为老一代艺术家的媒介，以具体表达他们对独裁统治的记忆，以及弗拉门戈如何继续成为年轻艺术家的媒介，以参与佛朗哥独裁统治的未解决遗产。在第二年，第三次也是最后一次研讨会将在曼彻斯特大学举办，以探讨如何从跨国角度最好地接近弗拉门戈记忆的艺术表达。我们将邀请国际记忆、音乐和表演专家以及主要文化节的导演探讨以下问题：音乐和表演如何有助于处理痛苦的记忆？在更广泛的学术和公共辩论中，关于佛朗哥独裁统治遗留下来的问题，应该如何处理记忆的非语言表达？这些记忆在弗拉门戈向地球仪的表演者和观众的传播中应该扮演什么角色？所有三个讲习班的发言都将录音，并在项目网站上提供英文和西班牙文的录音誊本。该项目还将导致一场艺术表演，并出版一份弗拉门戈和记忆网络报告，该报告将分发给相关的文化和政治机构。最后，该项目的学术成果将发表在一份关于弗拉门戈和记忆的特刊上，该特刊将刊登在一份领先的国际表演研究杂志上。

Flamenco is one of the most popular forms of expressive culture from Spain. It is practiced all over the world and, as illustrated by its incorporation into UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010, it has already become shared international heritage. However, flamenco is still largely absent from wider academic and social debates about the most influential and as yet unresolved episode in Spain's recent history: the Franco-dictatorship (1939-1975). While there are well-known flamenco songs and interviews that refer verbally to the hardships and repression under Franco suffered by different artists, these experiences are not yet visible outside of the flamenco community. Furthermore, to date no substantial research has been done on how memories of the Franco-era are expressed not only verbally -such as through the lyrics of a song- but also in non-verbal aspects of song, dance and other embodied practices. This research gap is all the more remarkable, given that flamenco is widely understood as an expression of the experiences of poverty, persecution and repression suffered by the poor underclasses in southern Spain since the 17th century. If this is true, how, then, did flamenco help artists articulate much more recent experiences of persecution, repression and forced displacement under the Franco-dictatorship? Especially now that the unresolved legacy of the Franco-dictatorship is widely debated in politics, society, the media and academia while flamenco artists who survived the dictatorship are ageing and dying, it is urgent for scholars, artists and international audiences to understand how flamenco has been a medium to remember and cope with violent and traumatic experiences from the Franco-era. This project will create a pioneering and interdisciplinary Flamenco and Memory Network with scholars, artists and members of the international culture industry to examine how memories of the Franco-dictatorship have been expressed through flamenco, and to find strategies to raise awareness of these memories both in Spain and internationally. In the first year of the project, two workshops will be organised in two capitals of flamenco in southern Spain. At Workshop 1 in Granada, the PI, Co-I, flamenco artists and local researchers will collate oral histories to establish in what ways the lives and artistic practices of the flamenco community were impacted by the Franco-dictatorship. Workshop 2 in Seville will explore more specifically how flamenco has been a medium for an older generation of artists to give embodied expression to their memories of the dictatorship, and how flamenco can continue to be a medium for younger artists to engage with the unresolved legacy of the Franco-dictatorship. In the second year, a third and final workshop will be organised at the University of Manchester to explore how artistic expressions of memory in flamenco can best be approached from a transnational perspective. We will invite international specialists of memory, music and performance and directors of leading cultural festivals to explore the following questions: In what ways can music and performance be helpful to deal with painful memories? How should non-verbal expressions of memory be addressed in wider scholarly and public debates about the unresolved legacy of the Franco-dictatorship? What roles should these memories have in the transmission of flamenco to performers and audiences across the globe? Contributions of all three workshops will be audio-recorded and made available on a project website with transcripts in both English and Spanish. The project will also lead to an artistic performance and to the publication of a Flamenco and Memory Network Report, that will be circulated to relevant cultural and political institutions. Finally, the academic outputs of this project will be published in a special issue on flamenco and memory in a leading international journal of performance studies.