Brain processes predicting future perception: cortical feedback and visual predictions

预测未来知觉的大脑过程：皮层反馈和视觉预测我们使用功能性脑成像研究皮层处理策略。先前的证据表明，早期视觉区域接收来自高级视觉区域的反馈。我们之前已经证明，这种反馈活动有助于预测未来的感知。在三个功能磁共振成像（fMRI）实验中，我们将测试反馈和预测与自然视觉场景（实验1和2）或与自然的观看条件（实验3）。为了提取意义，大脑必须将传入的感官信息置于过去和未来事件的背景中。每时每刻，视觉系统都需要决定周围环境中存在什么以及如何与之互动。如果事件发生在不可预见的情况下，感知会“事后”判断事件，也就是说，感知是对最近过去的重建，如果即将发生的事件是可预测的，视觉系统会将这些知识纳入感知过程。关于这种预测编码背后的大脑过程，我们知之甚少。当今最大的科学挑战之一是确定重要的皮层处理原则。试图确定基本原则的尝试性模型相对较少。反馈和预测在最近的一些大脑加工理论中起着重要的作用。智力的记忆预测框架是一种相对较新的分离基本处理策略的方法。在这个理论中，皮层模块的主要任务是提取一个合理的分类，帮助预测未来的事件。皮层区域整合即将到来的和邻近的信息，并将当前的解释转发到更高的区域，同时将结果反向投影到较低的区域。较低的皮层区域将即将到来的信息与较高皮层区域的预测进行比较，并且如果预测不正确则生成新的模式或错误信号。记忆预测框架假设处理原则是相当普遍的，适用于所有皮层区域，包括初级感觉区域。一些支持反馈和预测的证据使用了人工/易于预测/刺激。在这里，我们将测试初级视觉皮层（V1区）是否可以用自然的视觉场景形成复杂的预测。两个实验将使用来自3D电影的复杂视觉刺激来启动复杂的期望。随后，将使用新开发的fMRI预测设计对预测进行测试。第三个实验将在眼球运动的背景下测试视觉预测。

Brain processes predicting future perception: cortical feedback and visual predictions We investigate cortical processing strategies using functional brain imaging. Previous evidence has shown that early visual areas receive feedback from higher visual areas. We have shown previously that this feedback activity helps to predict future perception. In three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments we will test feedback and prediction with natural visual scenes (experiment 1 and 2) or with natural viewing conditions (experiment 3). To extract meaning the brain has to set incoming sensory information into the context of previous and future events. From moment to moment the visual system needs to decide what is present in its environment and how to interact with it. Perception 'postdicts' events if they occur unforeseen, that is perception is a reconstruction of the recent past, if upcoming events are however predictable the visual system incorporates this knowledge in the perceptual processing. Little is known about the brain processes underlying this predictive coding. One of today's biggest scientific challenges is the identification of important cortical processing principles. Tentative models that try to identify the essential principles are relatively rare. Feedback and prediction play an important role in some recent theories about brain processing. The memory-prediction framework of intelligence has been a relatively recent approach to isolate essential processing strategies. In this theory, the main tasks of cortical modules are to extract a plausible categorisation that helps to predict future events. Cortical areas integrate upcoming and neighbouring information and forward the current interpretation to higher areas and at the same time back-project the results to lower tier areas. Lower cortical areas compare the upcoming information with the prediction of higher cortical areas and generate a new pattern or error signal if the prediction was incorrect. The memory prediction framework assumes that the processing principles are quite general and apply to all cortical areas including primary sensory areas. Some evidence in favour of feedback and prediction has used artificial / easy to predict / stimuli. Here we will test in primary visual cortex (area V1) whether complex predictions can be formed with natural visual scenes. Two experiments will use complex visual stimuli taken from 3D-movies to initiate complex expectations. Subsequently the predictions will be tested using a newly developed fMRI-anticipation design. The third experiment will test visual predictions in the context of eye-movements.