DRUG ABUSE & BEHAVIORAL EXPERIENCE IN HUMANS

有些人即使接触了毒品， 滥用药物的实验。 相比之下，其他人似乎 特别容易滥用药物，即使情况 周围环境的暴露似乎与非滥用者相当。 那里 人们对确定造成这种情况的因素越来越感兴趣， 个人脆弱性作为一种手段， 预防战略。 可能导致易感性的一个因素是 某些人在最初的时候会经历不同的影响， 暴露于增加继续使用的可能性的药物。 反复暴露于药物的药理学特性， 通过其他机制加剧其使用，例如发展物理 依赖 本提案的目的是确定是否 某些行为变量，即普遍的行为条件， 行为经验，可以在人类中产生不同的药物效果。 更 具体而言，安非他明对受惩罚者的影响（减分） 将在体验响应之前和之后评估响应， 避免时间表（避免积分损失）。 以前的动物研究 已经证明，在这种经验之前，安非他明 惩罚回应 但是，如果保持回避反应， 或者同时或者如果动物有在以下情况下响应的历史， 一种避免偶然性，安非他明的影响是急剧的 观察到惩罚性反应的改变和增加。 的改变 其他药物作为行为体验的函数的影响 但行为经验的影响似乎有限 滥用药物。 因此，在本实验中， 行为经验，以修改马吲哚，一种药物， 与安非他明类似的行为特性，但不被滥用，也将 被确定。 如果成功，这项研究将为 人类的行为研究，以确定是否其他行为 与药物滥用更直接相关的影响（例如，判别 刺激和强化效应）也可以通过行为改变 体验. 此外，动物研究可以证明， 在人类中的复制使人们相信，未来的动物研究， 这一领域将与人类有关。

Some individuals do not become drug abusers despite exposure to and experimentation with drugs of abuse. In contrast, other individuals seem particularly prone to abusing drugs even when the circumstances surrounding exposure appear comparable to that of the non-abuser. There is growing interest in determining factors responsible for this increased individual vulnerability as a means for developing more effective prevention strategies. One factor that might contribute to susceptibility is that certain individuals experience different effects when initially exposed to a drug that increases the probability of continued use. Repeated exposure to the pharmacological properties of the drug might then exacerbate its use by other mechanisms such as the development of physical dependence. The goal of the present proposal is to determine whether certain behavioral variables, namely prevailing behavioral conditions and behavioral experience, can produce different drug effects in humans. More specifically, the effects of amphetamine on punished (point substraction) responding will be assessed before and after experience responding under an avoidance schedule (avoidance of point loss). Previous animal research has demonstrated that prior to such experience, amphetamine decreases punished responding. However, if avoidance responding is maintained either concurrently or if the animal has had a history of responding under an avoidance contingency, the effects of amphetamine are drastically altered and increases in punished responding are observed. Alterations in the effects of other drugs as a function of behavioral experience have also been found but the influence of behavioral experience appears limited to drugs of abuse. Thus, in the present experiments, the ability of behavioral experience to modify effects of mazindol, a drug which has similar behavioral properties to amphetamine but is not abused, will also be determined. If successful, this research will open the way for behavioral research in humans to determine whether other behavioral effects more directly relevant to drug abuse (e.g., discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects) can also be altered by behavioral experience. In addition, the demonstration that animal studies can be replicated in humans gives confidence that future animal studies in this area will be relevant to humans.