DRUG ABUSE & BEHAVIORAL EXPERIENCE IN HUMANS

一些人不会成为吸毒者，尽管接触过和 滥用药物的实验。相比之下，其他人似乎 尤其是容易滥用药物的情况下 周围的暴露似乎与非施虐者相当。那里 越来越多的人对确定导致这种情况的因素越来越感兴趣 作为开发更有效的手段的个人脆弱性 预防策略。可能导致易感性的一个因素 某些个体在最初经历不同的影响 接触药物会增加继续使用的可能性。 反复接触这种药物的药理特性可能会 通过其他机制来加剧对它的使用，例如开发物理 依赖。本提案的目标是确定是否 某些行为变量，即普遍的行为条件和 行为体验，可以在人类身上产生不同的药物效果。更多 具体地说，苯丙胺对受罚的影响(点数减法) 响应将在以下项下的响应体验之前和之后进行评估 避免计划(避免积分损失)。先前的动物研究 已经证明，在这种经历之前，苯丙胺减少了 受到惩罚的回应。然而，如果保持回避响应 要么同时发生，要么如果动物有过 作为一种逃避的偶然性，安非他明的影响是巨大的 观察到惩罚反应的改变和增加。中的更改 其他药物的影响作为行为经验的函数 也被发现，但行为经验的影响似乎有限 向滥用毒品致敬。因此，在目前的实验中， 行为经验，以改变马吲哚的效果，一种药物 与安非他明相似但未被滥用的行为特性，也将 要下定决心。如果成功，这项研究将为 在人类中进行行为研究，以确定其他行为是否 与药物滥用更直接相关的影响(例如，歧视性 刺激和强化效果)也可以通过行为改变 经验。此外，证明动物研究可以 在人类身上复制给了人们信心，未来动物在这方面的研究 该区域将与人类相关。

Some individuals do not become drug abusers despite exposure to and experimentation with drugs of abuse. In contrast, other individuals seem particularly prone to abusing drugs even when the circumstances surrounding exposure appear comparable to that of the non-abuser. There is growing interest in determining factors responsible for this increased individual vulnerability as a means for developing more effective prevention strategies. One factor that might contribute to susceptibility is that certain individuals experience different effects when initially exposed to a drug that increases the probability of continued use. Repeated exposure to the pharmacological properties of the drug might then exacerbate its use by other mechanisms such as the development of physical dependence. The goal of the present proposal is to determine whether certain behavioral variables, namely prevailing behavioral conditions and behavioral experience, can produce different drug effects in humans. More specifically, the effects of amphetamine on punished (point substraction) responding will be assessed before and after experience responding under an avoidance schedule (avoidance of point loss). Previous animal research has demonstrated that prior to such experience, amphetamine decreases punished responding. However, if avoidance responding is maintained either concurrently or if the animal has had a history of responding under an avoidance contingency, the effects of amphetamine are drastically altered and increases in punished responding are observed. Alterations in the effects of other drugs as a function of behavioral experience have also been found but the influence of behavioral experience appears limited to drugs of abuse. Thus, in the present experiments, the ability of behavioral experience to modify effects of mazindol, a drug which has similar behavioral properties to amphetamine but is not abused, will also be determined. If successful, this research will open the way for behavioral research in humans to determine whether other behavioral effects more directly relevant to drug abuse (e.g., discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects) can also be altered by behavioral experience. In addition, the demonstration that animal studies can be replicated in humans gives confidence that future animal studies in this area will be relevant to humans.