Enhancing the efficacy and ease of application of existing endemic livestock disease vaccines via novel adjuvants and delivery systems

牲畜地方性传染病造成重大经济损失，并威胁粮食安全、动物福利和公共卫生。疫苗接种是一种具有高度成本效益的工具，有助于预防、控制和根除疾病。然而，目前用于预防和控制地方性牲畜疾病（ELD）的许多疫苗并不理想。虽然它们可能有助于保护动物免受疾病的侵害，但它们可能无法有效地控制致病微生物（病原体）。这使得病原体可以传播给其他动物，并在复制过程中发生突变，从而使它们对疫苗更具抵抗力。除了这些固有的缺点之外，还存在需要改进的农场疫苗储存和管理的实际问题，以优化接种疫苗对使用者和动物的益处。该项目旨在利用疫苗配制和输送方面的最新进展，制定可使ELD疫苗更有效和更易于管理的策略。我们将使用用于控制猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的疫苗作为测试案例。PRRSV是影响全球养猪业的最具经济重要性的疾病之一，也是英国养猪业的优先疾病。疫苗接种是PRRS控制的基石，但迫切需要改进疫苗。该项目是英国领先的兽医生物科学，社会科学和利益相关者之间的合作。通过共同设计和参与式方法，我们将与疫苗公司和选定的生产商，他们的兽医和更广泛的利益相关者合作，以确保研究解决他们的问题，并满足他们在农场交付和使用疫苗方面的需求，以支持改进。我们会听取持份者的意见，以了解他们对农场疫苗使用的关注和需要，从而加以考虑。我们将探讨接受新疫苗和输送装置的问题。然后，我们将进行一项“概念验证”研究，以测试通过创新设备提供的现有PRRSV疫苗的新制剂是否提供增强的保护，同时简单实用。最后，我们将通过虚拟研讨会将我们的研究结果反馈给生产商，以获得他们的反馈，这将有助于塑造未来的研究和开发方法。该项目将有助于提供改进的疫苗及其采用，这将有助于预防和控制ELD。因此，该项目应导致提高牲畜健康，福利和生产力，并减少抗菌剂的使用。虽然最直接的好处可能是控制PRRSV，但该项目有可能通过为开发用于牲畜和人类其他疾病的改进疫苗/制剂提供信息而产生广泛影响。

Endemic infectious diseases of livestock cause major financial losses and threaten food security, animal welfare, and public health. Vaccination is a highly cost-effective tool to help prevent, control, and eradicate diseases. However, many vaccines currently used to prevent and control endemic livestock diseases (ELD) are suboptimal. While they may help protect animals from suffering disease, they may not effectively control the disease-causing microbe (pathogen). This allows pathogens to be transmitted to other animals and potentially to mutate as they replicate, which makes them more resistant to vaccines. In addition to these inherent shortcomings, there are practical issues of storage and administration of vaccines on-farm that require improvement to optimise the benefits to users and animals from vaccination. This project aims to take advantage of recent advances in vaccine formulation and delivery to devise strategies that could make ELD vaccines more effective and easier to administer. We will use vaccines for control of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a test case. PRRSV is responsible for one of the most economically important diseases affecting the global pig industry and is a priority disease for the UK pig sector. Vaccination is a cornerstone of PRRS control, but improved vaccines are urgently required. The project is a collaboration between leading UK veterinary bioscience, social science, and stakeholders. Using a co-design and participatory approach, we will work with vaccine companies and selected producers, their veterinarians, and wider stakeholders to ensure that the research addresses their concerns and meets their needs with respect to on-farm delivery and use of vaccines to support a drive for improvement. By taking soundings from stakeholders, we will seek to understand, and therefore take into account, their concerns and needs as regards on-farm vaccine use. We will explore issues around the acceptance of new vaccines and delivery devices. We will then conduct a 'proof-of-concept' study to test whether new formulations of an existing PRRSV vaccine, delivered by innovative devices, provides enhanced protection, whilst being simple and practical to administer. Finally, we will take our findings back to producers via virtual workshops to obtain their feedback, which will help shape the future research and development of the approaches. This project will help deliver improved vaccines and their adoption, which will aid the prevention and control of ELD. Consequently, this project should lead to enhanced livestock health, welfare, and productivity, and reduced antimicrobial use. Whilst the most immediate benefit will likely be in the control of PRRSV, this project has the potential to have a wide impact by informing efforts to develop improved vaccine/formulations for other diseases of both livestock and humans.