CONNECTIONS OF THE CINGULATE GYRUS

以往的研究表明，前扣带回 皮质调节自主神经系统的活动， 后扣带回(脾后)皮质协调一致 海马体在学习和学习中起着重要的作用 记忆。当预期结果与学习到的结果不一致时 反应，边缘皮质的这些区域将减少 未来响应的概率，以及不匹配也将导致 自主神经反应将倾向于提醒有机体注意 新的条件。相反，如果预期条件是 持续存在，那么内脏运动反应将倾向于 减少。自主反应的主要途径是 调制的似乎是来自后方的直接投射 前扣带回皮质。在建议的研究中，我们会 直接从电生理角度评估这一通路，并确定 前扣带回皮质和扣带回后叶的能力 调节自主神经系统的活动 演唱会。心血管和交感神经系统 对中线的电和化学刺激的反应 在麻醉和清醒的大鼠身上，大脑皮层将具有特征。 为了阐明从这些研究中产生的功能数据， 将进行解剖学和生理学研究。我们的过去 解剖学研究已经证明了高度的 去往和来自扣带回皮质投射的组织 并澄清了神经元的形态 大脑皮层的功能。拟议的研究将使用 新开发的切片制备方法用于确定细胞的形态 有特定神经元投射的扣带皮质神经元。 主要的焦点将放在表层神经元上，这些神经元显示出 在脾后皮质有独特形式的树突束。 细胞内的体外实验将表征大脑皮质 和丘脑输入对活动有重要贡献 以及扣带回神经元的功能。解剖学研究将 测试输入选择性地终止于以下几组的假设 有共同皮质投射的丘脑神经元。两者都有 解剖和电生理实验将描绘出 神经调节剂对大鼠脑内神经元活动的影响 扣带回皮质。这些研究将阐明其结构。 和扣带回皮质的功能，结果将提供 重要的新信息，作为未来研究的基础 学习障碍和应激性高血压。

Previous studies have demonstrated that the anterior cingulate cortex modulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and that the posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) cortex in concert with the hippocampus plays an important role in learning and memory. When an expected result does not follow a learned responses, these regions of the limbic cortex will reduce the probability of future responses, and the mismatch will also elicit autonomic responses that will tend to alert the organism to the new conditions. Conversely, if the expected conditions are consistently present then visceromotor responses will tend to diminish. A major route by which the autonomic responses are modulated appears to be the direct projections from the posterior to anterior cingulate cortex. In the proposed studies we will directly assess this pathway electrophysiologically and determine the capacity of anterior and posterior cingulate cortex to modulate autonomic nervous system activity individually and in concert. Both cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous system responses to electrical and chemical stimulation of the midline cortex will be characterized in anesthetized and conscious rats. To elucidate the functional data generated from these studies, anatomical and physiological studies will be conducted. Our past anatomical studies have demonstrated a high degree of organization in the projections to and from the cingulate cortex and are clarifying the morphology of the neurons that contribute to the function of this cortex. The proposed studies will use a newly developed slice preparation to define the morphology of cingulate cortex neurons that have specific neuronal projections. A major focus will be on the superficial neurons which display a unique form of dendritic bundling in the retrosplenial cortex. Intracellular in vitro experiments will characterize the cortical and thalamic inputs that contribute importantly to the activity and function of the cingulate neurons. Anatomical studies will test the hypothesis that inputs terminate selectively on groups of thalamic neurons that have a common cortical projection. Both anatomical and electrophysiological experiments will delineate the influence of neuromodulators on the activity of the neurons in the cingulate cortex. These studies will elucidate the structure and function of the cingulate cortex, and the results will provide significant new information on which to base future studies on learning disorders and stress induced hypertension.