Ultra Battery Feasibility - Investigation into the combined battery-supercapacitor for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications

UltraBattery可行性研究的目的是关注实验衍生的铅酸电池/碳超级电容器混合动力运行背后的机制。这将允许对设备操作进行准确建模，从而实现准确的充电状态（SoC）和健康状态（SoH）估计，以供车辆管理单元使用，作为整体车辆能源管理策略的一部分。混合动力电池的模型将被生产，可能基于铅酸电池的“Randles模型”的扩展。调查将包括可能使用的最大长度序列，以获得这样一个模型的参数，并使用一个观察员为基础的系统来跟踪混合动力电池的SoC。调查将包括两个台架测试的混合动力电池的参数提取，和模拟量化参数变化的影响，并实施观察器结构的模型验证对实际测试结果。该项目的一个重要方面将是混合动力电池的仪表化，以尝试在稳态和动态操作期间测量整个混合动力负极板的电流分布，因为电流在超级电容器板部分和标准技术（电池）板部分之间分配的方式对于确定混合动力电池的操作和后续建模能力至关重要，在再生制动下的放电和再充电期间。充电接受效率的确定将通知能量管理系统，以便最大化车辆能量管理策略，从而最大化其再生能量的回收并最小化车辆的CO2排放。该项目中开发的模型也将使更广泛的学术界受益，因为它们可以嵌入系统级模拟器中，例如能源部的ADVISOR计划，允许在各种车辆场景中对更便宜的铅基技术进行全面评估。该项目的成功，在理解混合铅基电池的操作时，将使铅基技术能够用于混合电动车辆（HEV），这是迄今为止由于高速率而被避免的，HEV内的电池的部分充电状态（HRPSoC）操作导致电池负极板的快速硫酸化，并因此显著降低电池的寿命。由于混合动力汽车只需要小容量电池，使用铅基技术的额外重量惩罚不会成为一个重大负担，尽管显着降低的成本将非常有吸引力。使用铅基技术的一个额外点是，铅回收基础设施已经到位，铅酸电池几乎没有爆炸风险，不像许多竞争对手的技术（锂离子，镍氢）。铅基超级电池的价格优势，完全得到模型和SoC估计的支持，将对混合动力汽车的生产成本产生重大影响，因此，随着汽车行业二氧化碳排放量的减少，市场占有率也会随之下降。

The UltraBattery feasibility study aims to focus on the mechanisms behind the operation of an experimentally derived, Lead-Acid based Battery / Carbon Supercapacitor hybrid. This will allow accurate modelling of the device operation, permitting accurate state-of-charge (SoC) and State-of-health (SoH) estimations to be achieved for use, in Vehicle Management Units, as part of the overall vehicle energy management strategy. A model of the hybrid battery will be produced, possibly based on an extension of a 'Randles model' derived for Lead-Acid batteries. The investigation will include the possible use of maximal length sequences to derive the parameters for such a model, and the use of an observer based system to track the SoC of the hybrid battery. The investigation will encompass both bench testing of the hybrid battery for extraction of parameters, and simulations to quantify the effects of parameter variation and implement observer structures for model verification against practical test results. An important aspect of the project will be the instrumenting of a hybrid battery to attempt to measure the current distribution throughout the negative plate of the hybrid during both steady-state and dynamic operation, as the way the current splits between the supercapacitor section of the plate and the standard technology (battery) section of the plate will be critical in determining the operation and subsequent ability to model the hybrid battery, during both discharge and recharge under regenerative braking. The determination of the charge acceptance efficiency will inform energy management systems in order to maximise a vehicles energy management strategy, and hence maximise it's recapture of regenerative energy and minimise the CO2 emissions from the vehicle. The models developed within this project will also benefit the wider academic community, in that they may be embedded within a systems level simulator, for example the DoE's ADVISOR program, allowing full appraisals of the cheaper lead-based technology to be carried out within various vehicle scenarios.The success of the project, in understanding the operation of the hybrid lead-based battery will enable lead-based technology to be utilised in hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), something which has to date been avoided as the high rate, partial state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation of a battery within a HEV leads to rapid sulphation of the negative battery plate, and hence significantly reduced lifetime from the battery. As HEVs only require small capacity batteries, the extra weight penalty of using lead-based technologies will not be a significant burden, although the significantly reduced cost will be very attractive. An extra point to the use of lead-based technology is the fact that a lead re-cycling infra-structure is already in place, and Lead-acid batteries present virtually no explosion risk, unlike many of the competitor technologies (Li-ion, NiMH). The price advantage of the lead-based ultra-battery, fully supported by models and SoC estimation will have a significant impact on the production costs of HEVs and hence the market take-up with the subsequent reduction of CO2 from the vehicle sector.