ESTIMATING WHEN EVENTS OCCURRED

拟议的研究涉及以下一个重要方面 自传体记忆--记住事件发生的时间的能力。 似乎很明显，保存时间的纪念记录 一个人的经验的连续性是智力的核心 起作用的还有对自我的一致看法。然而，主要的 关于时间记忆的理论问题还没有被探索，并且 系统的实证研究仍有待开展。可用数据 表示虽然事件的发生时间保存在 在某种程度上，记忆中存在着很大的不准确性和偏见 时态报告。在拟议的研究中，我们旨在探索和解释 在时间报告中观察到的偏差。 下面概述的研究来自我们最近关于 有序域中存储器中的分层组织的后果， 包括时间记忆。时间被分成各种大小的单位 (小时、天、周)。当信息在细节层面上不准确时 回答问题时，来自较大时间单位的信息可能 影响估计，导致报道中的偏差。初步证据 表明偏见是记忆不准确的结果， 随着时间的推移而增加。我们已经开发了两个量化模型， 指定以不同细节级别显示信息的方式 在生成时态报告时结合在一起。我们建议开展一系列 提供关于不准确和偏见的系统信息的研究 报道。眼下的目标是检查这些模型是否充分考虑了 观察到的偏差。解释偏见的来源将有助于我们的 理解时间信息如何表示的理论目标 以及涉及到的检索和估计过程 回答时间问题。它还可能有助于在实践中 开发收集更准确的社会和健康信息的方法的问题 涉及时态报告的相关数据。

The proposed research is concerned with an important aspect of autobiographical memory - the ability to remember when events occurred. It seems clear that a memorial record which preserves the temporal continuity of a person's experience is central to intellectual functioning as well as to a coherent view of the self. Yet major theoretical issues concerning temporal memory have not been explored, and systematic empirical studies remain to be carried out. Available data indicate that, while the time of occurrence of events is preserved in memory to some extent, there is substantial inexactness and bias in temporal reports. In the proposed research, we aim to explore and explain observed biases in temporal reports. The studies outlined below emerge from our recent work on the consequences of hierarchical organization in memory in ordered domains, including temporal memory. Time is divided into units of various sizes (hours, days, weeks). When information is inexact at the level of detail required to answer a question, information from larger temporal units may affect estimation, leading to bias in reporting. Preliminary evidence suggests that bias is a consequence of inexactness in memory and increases over time. We have developed two quantitative models which specify ways in which information at different levels of detail is combined in producing temporal reports. We propose to carry out a set of studies which provide systematic information on inexactness and bias in reporting. The immediate goal is to examine if the models fully account for observed bias. Explaining the sources of bias will contribute to our theoretical goal of understanding how temporal information is represented in memory, and of the retrieval and estimation processes involved in answering temporal questions. It may also contribute to the practical problem of developing methods to collect more accurate social and health related data involving temporal reports.