Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology

为了实现英国到2050年将温室气体排放量减少80%的雄心勃勃的目标，人们普遍认为，从大约2000年开始，2030年燃煤电厂和天然气电厂都需要采用碳捕集与封存技术（CCS），而天然气电厂主要采用燃气涡轮机和蒸汽涡轮机联合循环（NGCC），其烟气特性与燃煤电厂有很大不同。与相同规模的燃煤电厂的烟气相比，NGCC电厂的烟气含有显著更低的CO2（3- 5%对13-15%）和更高的O2浓度（12- 15%对2-4%），并且具有约20%的CO2浓度。50%更高的流速，这使得二氧化碳的分离同样具有挑战性，如果不是更多的话。最成熟的PCC技术，CO2胺洗涤，遭受众所周知的高能量损失、氧化性溶剂降解和腐蚀、大的捕获装置占地面积和高的水消耗率的问题。为了使新一代的PCC技术从约100万吨级向商业化发展，需要在未来10 ~ 20年内开发和示范新一代的PCC技术。2030.固体吸附剂循环技术（SALT）被广泛认为与最先进的胺洗涤相比具有成为用于CO2捕集的可行的下一代PCC技术的潜力，其在大大降低的能量损失的情况下提供潜在的显著提高的工艺效率，更低的资本和运营成本以及更小的工厂占地面积。该项目的目的是克服实施两种类型的在诺丁汉开发的候选吸附剂系统，即负载/固定化多胺和钾促进共沉淀吸附剂系统，在专门用于NGCC发电厂的固体循环技术中，有效地整合了材料和工艺开发以及支撑技术开发的相关基本问题。目标是：1.为了克服以下主要的具体挑战：（a）检查和提高负载/固定化多胺吸附剂的氧化和/或水解稳定性，从而确定有效和具有成本效益的废料管理策略。(b)优化钾促进的共沉淀吸附剂的配方和制备，以提高工作能力、反应动力学和低温下的再生性能。（c.）全面了解不同的烟气条件，特别是氧气和水分，在多大程度上以及如何影响吸附材料的整体性能和固体循环工艺的相关技术经济性能。2.生产千克数量的最佳吸附剂材料，然后在重复的吸附/脱附循环中证明它们的性能，并在流化床试验中建立最佳过程热力学.研究一种新的低温氢化氧化聚乙烯亚胺的再生策略.开展技术经济研究，根据该项目中实现的改进的吸附剂性能和优化的工艺配置，评估NGCC电厂固体循环技术相对于胺洗涤的成本优势。该项目中获得的专有技术将直接受益于学术界、CCS研究界、发电和能源行业、能源政策制定者/监管者，环境组织和政府部门，如环境保护署。拟议项目的成功交付代表着在开发和演示用于NGCC电站的新型且具有成本效益的固体吸附剂循环CO2捕集技术方面迈出了重要一步。

To achieve the UK's ambitious target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, it is widely accepted that from ca. 2030 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) needs to be fitted to both coal and natural gas fired power plants.The flue gas characteristics of natural fired gas power plants, mostly operating in a combined cycle of gas turbine and steam turbine (NGCC), differ significantly from those from coal-fired power plants. Comparing to the flue gas of the same size coal-fired power plant, the flue gas of a NGCC power plant contains significantly lower CO2 (3-5 vs. 13-15%) and higher O2 concentrations (12-15 vs. 2-4%) and has ca. 50% higher flow rate, which make the separation of CO2 equally, if not more, challenging. The most mature PCC technology, CO2 amine scrubbing, suffers from well-know problems of high energy penalty, oxidative solvent degradation and corrosion, large capture plant footprint and high rate of water consumption. A new generation of PCC technologies for NGCC power plants which overcome these drawbacks need to developed and demonstrated in the next 10 ~ 20 years in order for their commercialisation from ca. 2030. Solid adsorbents looping technology (SALT) is widely recognised as having the potential to be a viable next generation PCC technology for CO2 capture compared to the state-of-art amine scrubbing, offering potentially significantly improved process efficiency at much reduced energy penalty, lower capital and operational costs and smaller plant footprints.The aim of this project is to overcome the performance barriers for implementing the two types of candidate adsorbent systems developed at Nottingham, namely the supported/immobilised polyamines and potassium-promoted co-precipitated sorbent system, in the solid looping technology specifically for NGCC power plants, which effectively integrates both materials and process development and related fundamental issues underpinning the technology development. The objectives are:1. To overcome the following major specific challenges:(a) To examine and enhance the oxidative and/or hydrolytic stability of supported/immobilised polyamine adsorbents and hence to identify efficient and cost-effective management strategies for spent materials.(b) To optimise the formulation and preparation of the potassium-promoted co-precipitated sorbents for improved working capacity, reaction kinetics and regeneration behaviour at lower temperatures.(c.) To gain comprehensive understanding of to what degree and how different flue gas conditions, particularly oxygen and moisture, can impact the overall performance of adsorbent materials and related techno-economic performance of a solid looping process.2. To produce kilogram quantities of the optimum adsorbent materials and then demonstrate their performances over repeated adsorption/desorption cycles and to establish the optimal process thermodynamics in fluidized bed testing.3. To investigate a novel rejuvenation strategy for oxidised polyethyleneimines involving low temperature hydrogenation.4. To conduct techno-economic studies to assess the cost advantages of the solids looping technology for NGCC power plants over amine scrubbing based on the improved adsorbent performance and optimised process configuration achieved in the project.The know-how acquired in this project will be of direct benefit to academics, CCS research community, power generation and energy industries, energy policy makers/regulators, environmental organisations and government departments such as DECC. The successful delivery of the proposed project represents a major step forward in the development and demonstration of the novel and cost-effective Solids Adsorbents Looping CO2 capture technology for NGCC power stations.