The impaCt of hydrOcarbon depletioN on the Treatment of cAprocks within performance assessment for CO2 InjectioN schemes - CONTAIN

英国承诺在未来35年内达到严格的二氧化碳排放目标。实现这一目标的一项潜在的有价值的技术是碳捕获和储存（CCS）技术的发展，在发电过程中捕获二氧化碳，而不是释放到大气中，而是注入地下多孔岩石中。多孔岩石，如砂岩，可以作为二氧化碳的“储层”，二氧化碳可以长期储存在深处，并通过多孔性小得多的“盖层”与上面的岩石隔离开来。英国拥有大量的“孔隙资源”，目前估计有足够的能力储存所需的20 - 50亿吨二氧化碳，以实现2050年的二氧化碳排放目标。据估计，英国高达90亿吨的储存能力来自以前含有碳氢化合物的水库，这些碳氢化合物是由石油和天然气工业提取的。这种形式的二氧化碳储存有很多好处，因为岩石通常具有很好的特征，并且可能存在适合二氧化碳注入的预先存在的基础设施（如管道）。然而，油气开采或“枯竭”的过程会对油藏和围岩产生重大影响。这些活动可能会造成变形、断层移动和/或对基础设施的破坏。然而，这些活动的长期影响，特别是当储层在注入二氧化碳期间“重新膨胀”时，还没有得到很好的理解，并且特定岩石类型和情况的物理数据有限。为了使枯竭的水库成为一种可行的国家资源，必须解决这些不确定因素。因此，该项目的重点是更好地了解枯竭和再膨胀对储层和盖层物质的影响。它将涉及一种结合的方法，使用实验室实验和计算机模拟来提高我们对储存地点行为这方面的理解。该项目旨在通过重点突出的工作方案解决这一关键领域，该方案将产生急需的独特数据集、新的建模工具和对所涉进程的更充分理解。研究结果将为监管机构提供信息，并帮助运营商减少CCS在废弃储存地点的财务和环境风险，使这项技术更有可能实现。此外，还将开展工作，审查就这项新技术与公众进行有效的沟通。社会可接受性是CCS发展的一个主要潜在障碍，一些国家的抗议和暂停表明了这一点。因此，了解公众对CCS的态度和关注基础至关重要，并尽可能有效地提高公众对CCS的理解和参与。该项目的工作将探讨决定公众和利益相关者对CCS存储建议的理解和可接受性的因素。从这项工作中获得的经验教训和知识将总结在一个外联和参与工具包中，该工具包将分发给监管机构、运营商和通信专家。

The UK is committed to meeting stringent carbon dioxide emission targets over the next 35 years. One potentially valuable technology in achieving this target is the development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, where carbon dioxide is captured during power generation and, instead of being released into the atmosphere, is injected into porous rocks underground. Porous rocks, such as sandstone, can act as a 'reservoir' for CO2, which can potentially be stored at depth over long periods of time and kept isolated from the rocks above by a much less porous 'caprock'. The UK has a large 'porosity resource', currently estimated to be of sufficient capacity to store the necessary 2-5 billion tonnes of CO2 to meet 2050 CO2 emission targets. It has been estimated that up to 9 billion tonnes of UK storage capacity come from reservoirs that previously contained hydrocarbons, which have been extracted by the oil and gas industry. This form of CO2 storage has a number of benefits, as the rocks are generally well characterised and there may be pre-existing infrastructure (such as pipelines) suitable for adaption to CO2 injection.However, the process of hydrocarbon extraction, or 'depletion', can significantly impact both the reservoir involved and the surrounding rocks. These activities can potentially cause deformation, movement on faults and/or damage to infrastructure. However, the long term impacts of these activities, particularly when the reservoir is 're-inflated' during injection of CO2, are not well understood and there is limited physical data for specific rock types and scenarios. In order for depleted reservoirs to become a viable national resource, these uncertainties must be addressed. As such, this project is focussed on providing a better understanding of the impact of depletion and reinflation on reservoir and caprock material. It will involve a combined approach, using both laboratory experiments and computer simulation to improve our understanding of this aspect of storage site behaviour. The project seeks to address this key area with a focussed programme of work that will generate a much-needed and unique data-set, new modelling tools and a fuller understanding of the processes involved. The findings will inform regulators and aid operators in reducing the financial and environmental risks of CCS, for depleted storage sites, making the technology more likely to happen.In addition, work will be carried out to examine effective communication with the public, relating to this new technology. Social acceptability represents a major potential barrier to CCS developments, as indicated by protests and moratoria in several countries. It is therefore critical to understand public attitudes and the bases of concern about CCS, and work as effectively as possible to improve understanding and engagement. Work within this project will explore the factors that determine public and stakeholder understanding and acceptability of CCS storage proposals. The lessons and knowledge derived from this work will be summarised in an outreach and engagement toolkit, which will be disseminated to regulators, operators and communication specialists.