APERIO: LOW COST FAÇADE MANAGEMENT IN NATURALLY VENTILATED BUILDINGS

即使打开窗户对办公室的环境条件影响有限，这通常也是一个理想的功能，因为用户通常更宽容，因为他们觉得自己能够采取行动改善空间。然而，用户与立面互动的能力并不是没有对建筑的能源性能造成风险。在家庭环境中，户主直接负责能源账单，因此在冬天不会有意识地让窗户通宵开着。然而，在办公环境中，没有财务驱动因素让用户以同样的节能方式运营立面。虽然办公室里可能有很强的司机来打开窗户(闷热、高温)，但关闭窗户的司机(能量意识)可能很弱，除非有额外的司机，如外部噪音、雨或安全风险。这给设施管理者带来了真正的挑战，“快乐的生产性用户”更喜欢控制外墙，这是设计良好的非住宅建筑环境应该提供的，但提供这种控制会带来显著的能源性能风险。本研究建议开发和测试一种低成本、非侵入性的技术，以评估糟糕的外墙控制对能源性能的影响，并使设施管理者能够解决这个问题。我们希望使用外部摄像头来诊断立面的状态，包括窗户打开、百叶窗和内部照明使用情况，并让设施经理、安全人员和建筑用户更改立面状态。这种方法可以帮助解决(1)冬季供暖损失、(2)夏季过热和(3)内部照明运行不佳的问题。虽然护卫员可以有效地解决能源浪费的问题，但成功的使用者在管理窗户和百叶窗方面的行为改变在没有护卫员或护卫员因职权范围狭窄而无法干预的非住宅建筑物中是非常重要的。所有干预措施都将通过以用户为中心的设计方法来制定。在项目开始时将举办讲习班，以确保干预措施既符合技术限制，也符合将要部署这些干预措施的建筑物的组织文化。特别是，我们将关注(1)保护隐私和共享信息之间的权衡，以及(2)小组级别和个人反馈之间的平衡。就第(1)点而言，保护隐私的干预措施将允许我们向打开窗户的个人发送电子邮件，希望以后不会这样做。相比之下，在窗户当前打开、需要关闭的给定楼层向每个人广播，将允许用户在此时此地采取行动。第二种方法可能被认为更有建设性(而不是谴责)，它将要求每个人都知道哪些窗户是开着的，并由此推断可能是谁让它们开着的。关于第(2)点，我们的目的是测试个人反馈的效果(例如，个别电子邮件说“你上周末把窗户开着了”)是否可以通过将其置于占用同一大楼的人的一般表现的背景下来加强(例如，通过公共显示器或发送给每个人的电子邮件)。设计提供和保持用户参与的界面和系统是这项研究的另一个关键主题。用户参与度的下降对于任何行为改变干预来说都是一个挑战，而且往往没有在研究中得到充分解决。在这里，我们期待着与设施经理和安全人员进行强有力的持续接触，他们是实现建筑节能的主要途径。与写字楼等建筑的用户接触要具有更大的挑战性，因为开发的界面必须为个人增加价值，以确保它们在最初的“新奇/蜜月期”之后持续使用。

Even if opening a window has a limited impact on the environmental conditions in an office, it is often a desirable feature as users are typically more tolerant as they feel they have been able to take action to improve their space. The ability of a user to interact with a façade does not, however, come without risk to the energy performance of a building. In a domestic setting, a householder is directly responsible for the energy bills and would therefore not consciously leave a window open overnight in the winter. In an office environment however, there is no financial driver for the user to operate the façade in the same energy efficient manner. Whilst there may be a strong driver to open a window in an office (stuffiness, high temperature), the driver to close the window (energy awareness) may be very weak unless there is an additional driver such as external noise, rain or a security risk. This poses a real challenge to the facilities manager, 'happy productive users' prefer control of the façade, which is what well designed non-domestic building environments should provide, but providing this control introduces significant energy performance risk.This study proposes to develop and test a low cost, non-invasive technique to assess the impact of poor facade control on energy performance and enable facilities managers to address this issue. We are looking to use external cameras to diagnose the status of a facade in terms of window opening, blind and internal lighting usage and to engage the Facilities Manager, security staff and building users to change the facade state. This approach can help address issues of (1) winter heating losses, (2) summer overheating and (3) poor internal lighting operation. Whilst security guards may provide an effective solution to the problem of energy waste, successful users' behavioural change in managing windows and blinds is very important in non-domestic buildings where there are no guards or where guards cannot intervene due to their narrow remit. All interventions will be developed through a user-centred design approach. Workshops will be conducted at the start of the project, to make sure that the interventions fit both with the technical constraints and with the organisational culture of the buildings where they will be deployed. In particular we will focus on (1) the trade-offs between preserving privacy and sharing information and (2) on the balance between group-level and individual feedback. As far as point (1) is concerned, a privacy-preserving intervention would allow us to send email messages to individuals who left their windows open, in the hope that this will not be done in the future. In contrast, broadcasting to everyone on a given floor in which windows are currently open and need closing would allow users to take action here and now. This second approach may be considered more constructive (rather than reprimand), it would require everyone to know which windows were left open, and by inference who might have left them so. Regarding point (2), our aim is to test whether the effect of individual feedback (e.g. individual emails saying "you left your window open last weekend") can be reinforced by framing it in the context of the general performance of people occupying the same building (e.g. through a public display or an email that is sent to everyone).Designing interfaces and systems which provide and maintain user engagement is the other key theme of this study. Decay in user engagement is a challenge for any behaviour change intervention and often not fully addressed in studies. Here we anticipate strong and sustained engagement with the facilities manager and security staff who are the primary path to energy savings in the building. Engagement with users of buildings such as offices is far more challenging where developed interfaces have to add value to the individual to ensure their sustained use beyond the initial 'novelty / honeymoon' period.