City-Wide Analysis to Propel Cities towards Resource Efficiency and Better Wellbeing

世界上许多城市正在实施自己强有力的碳减排战略，作为对中央政府领导的回应，或者在中央政府领导之前。作为经济增长的动力，城市消耗了大量的能源，并消耗了跨越国际边界的内陆资源。然而，城市的人口密度也可以在提供建筑服务以及人员和货物流动方面提供显着效率的机会。在这个工作计划中，我们建议将我们的活动集中在两个城市：中国西安和英国朴茨茅斯，这两个城市以其文化遗产和人口密度而闻名（朴茨茅斯是英国人口密度最高的城市）。这两个城市都公布了雄心勃勃的计划，以减少全市范围内的碳排放，但也有大量老化的建筑和基础设施。本工作方案将：(a)全面了解这两个城市目前的建筑物、交通和能源服务；(b)考虑到两个城市的特点，确定低干扰和扩大改造的方法；(c)在社区和地区两方面，对全市范围内的改造和系统整合进行建模，包括建筑物翻新、区域能源和微型发电，以改善建筑物的使用者。在我们所有的建模和建筑性能评估中，我们将考虑到预期的气候变化预测和维持或超过当前热舒适水平所需的适应。(d)解决适应性城市物流问题，以满足两个城市内的流动需求，同时通过与两国这一领域的从业人员举办一系列有针对性的讲习班，实现减少碳排放的目标。(e)通过建模和监测相结合，我们将确定智能解决方案，以告知用户和减少消耗。至关重要的是，该模型将通过真实的能源消耗数据集进行验证，这些数据集将从次要来源（由我们的合作伙伴和其他人提供）和主要来源（结合传感器部署和调查）收集。后者将采取监测多用途建筑物样本的形式，以获取一系列相关参数，包括温度、功耗、湿度和二氧化碳。传感器部署提供的建筑性能数据将得到用户调查数据的支持，这些数据探索热舒适、整体健康（对生活、健康、就业等的满意度）以及对节能和能源成本的态度。这将把对节能干预措施的纯技术经济评估与其潜在的社会影响联系起来。该项目的成果将采用从项目成果中提炼出来的经过验证的工具和指导的形式，以支持城市规划者在有关建筑资产翻新的决策过程中，以及此类改进可能对福祉产生的影响。该项目的一个核心方面将是促进中英两国研究人员和实践者之间的合作和知识转移。有一些领域，比如区域供热，中国在这方面的经验远比英国丰富，这与朴茨茅斯等人口密集的英国城市非常相关。在其他领域，如新建筑的能源效率标准和建筑能源评估技术，英国有可能向中国转移知识。在项目的最后一年，将举办中英联合研讨会，汇集规划、能源、建筑服务和地方政府领域的研究人员和实践者，以传播项目的成果，测试和接收对支持工具的反馈，并促进进一步的合作。

Many cities in the world are putting in place their own robust carbon reduction strategies in response to, or in advance of, leadership from central government. As the powerhouses of economic growth, cities use vast amounts of energy and consume resources from hinterlands that stretch across international borders. However, the population density of cities can also provide opportunities for significant efficiencies in terms of the provision of building services and the mobility of people and goods. In this programme of work, we propose to centre our activities on two cities: Xi'an, China and Portsmouth, UK which are notable both for their cultural heritage and for their population density (Portsmouth has the highest population density of any city in the UK). Both cities have published ambitious plans for reducing city-wide carbon emissions but also have large stocks of ageing buildings and infrastructure. This programme of work will: (a) develop an overall understanding of current buildings, mobility and energy services in both cities; (b) identify low disruption and scaled-up retrofit methodologies taking into account the particular characteristics of the two cities; (c) carry out modelling of city-wide retrofit and systems integration, at both the neighbourhood and district scales including building refurbishment, district energy and micro generation geared to improve buildings for their users. In all our modelling and building performance evaluation, we will take into account anticipated climate change projections and the adaptation required to maintain or exceed current levels of thermal comfort. (d) Address adaptive urban logistics to meet mobility needs within the two cities while pursuing carbon reduction targets through a series of targeted workshops with practitioners in the field from both countries. (e) Through a combination of modelling and monitoring, we will identify smart solutions harnessed to inform users and reduce consumption. Crucially, the modelling will be validated by real energy consumption datasets, gathered from both secondary sources (provided by our partners and from others) and primary, from a combination of sensor deployments and surveys. The latter will take the form of monitoring of a sample of multi occupancy buildings for a range of relevant parameters including temperature, power consumption, humidity and carbon dioxide. The building performance data provided by the sensor deployment will be supported by user survey data exploring perceptions of thermal comfort, overall wellbeing (satisfaction with life, health, employment and so on) and attitudes to energy saving and the cost of energy. This will link the purely techno-economic assessment of energy saving interventions to their potential social impacts. The outcomes of this programme will take the form of validated tools and guidance distilled from the project results in order to support city planners in their decision making processes concerning building asset refurbishments and the likely impact on wellbeing resulting from such improvements. A central aspect of the programme will be to foster collaboration and knowledge transfer between both researchers and practitioners in China and the UK. There are areas, for example district heating, of which there is far more experience of in China than the UK, very relevant to densely populated UK cities like Portsmouth. In other areas such as energy efficiency standards for new buildings and building energy assessment techniques, there is potential for knowledge transfer from the UK to China. In the final year of the project a joint UK-China workshop will be held to bring together researchers and practitioners in the fields of planning, energy, building services and local government, in order to disseminate the results of the programme, to test out and receive feedback on the support tools and to foster further collaboration.