Electricity Satnav - Electricity Smart Availability Topology of Network for Abundant electric Vehicles

我们的输配电基础设施正在经历重大变革，以促进低碳经济的实现。一个重要的方面是，在低压配电网中，正在安装和使用越来越多的微型/小型分布式能源，例如风力涡轮机和太阳能光伏板。由于需求侧管理或电气化运输（例如电动汽车），对智能控制电器的新方法也有迫切的需求。英国各地都在安装公共电动汽车充电桩。然而，就安装的数量和司机对充电的感知可用性而言，资源仍然非常有限。同时，分布式可再生能源产生的功率波动较大，不适合电动汽车充电的预期模式。例如，电动汽车车主可能更喜欢在晚上给汽车充电，而屋顶光伏板产生的电力只在白天提供电力。储能通常被视为解决这一问题的办法，但很难证明其成本是合理的，尤其是在国内使用的情况下。或者，可以将光伏发电出售给电网，然后在需要时再购买电力。例如，上网电价鼓励分散的电力被反馈到电网中。这些选择可能会造成可再生资源的浪费（取决于现场的储能设备和效率），增加配电网络中的物理压力和损失（通过增加电流），并且由于价格差异，对客户来说可能不经济。据推测，如果所有的房屋/车辆都可以作为电动汽车充电资源，除了网络公司拥有的充电点，电力不平衡问题和电动汽车司机难以找到工作充电点的挫败感可以得到解决。这项研究将调查这样一个系统的可行性，该系统将提供实时电力可用性信息，以促进微型/小型分布式能源发电机（例如拥有光伏系统的家庭）和电动汽车所有者之间点对点分散电力市场的发展。这开启了利用电动汽车的移动性作为最终用户的能量存储和家庭产生的多余电力作为满足电动汽车车主能源需求的来源的可能性。该系统将基于分布式资源中剩余电力的实时可用性信息，提供一个公开的价格竞标环境。为了实现这一点，需要实时运行一个后台程序来模拟来自配电网运营商（DNO）的低压配电网络。在这个项目中，详细的网络模型（在空间和时间领域）将通过基于现有DNO地理信息系统（GIS）和网络设计手册的图形自动识别技术生成。还将通过定性和定量工作评估社会可行性，以评估潜在的可接受性和行为反应。这一想法可以通过H2V（房对车）、W2V（风对车）和V2V（车对车）方案提供更灵活的电动汽车充电/放电实践。这样的系统可以带来一种更有效、更灵活的方式来利用分布式可再生能源，并改善电动汽车的充电方式。从DNO的角度来看，这样一个系统也将更容易管理分散的可再生能源发电，减轻网络压力并减少对网络加固的需求。

The infrastructure of our electricity transmission and distribution is undergoing a substantial transformation to facilitate the realisation of a low-carbon economy. One important aspect is that, in low-voltage distribution networks, growing numbers of micro/small-scale distributed energy resources such as wind turbines and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are being installed and commissioned. There are also pressing demands for new approaches to intelligently control appliances as a consequence of demand-side management or electrified transportation e.g., electric vehicles (EVs). Public EV charging points are being installed all over the UK. However, the resources are still very limited in terms of both the number installed and the perceived availability of charging amongst drivers. Meanwhile, distributed renewable sources generate fluctuating power which is not suited to expected patterns of EV charging. For instance, an EV owner may prefer to charge their car at night while the power generated from their rooftop PV panel only provides electricity during daytime. Energy storage is often viewed as the solution to this but it is difficult to justify its costs particularly in the context of domestic usage. Alternatively one can sell PV power to the grid and then purchase power when needed. For example, the feed-in-tariff encourages dispersed power being back-fed into the grid. These options can either cause waste of renewable resources (depending on the energy storage device on-site and efficiency), increase of physical stresses and losses (by increasing currents) in the distribution networks, and potentially be uneconomical for customers due to the price difference. Speculatively if all houses/vehicles can be used as EV charging resources, apart from charging points owned by network companies, the power imbalance issue and the frustration of EV drivers struggling to find a working charging point could be resolved. This research will investigate the feasibility of such a system which will provide real-time electricity availability information to foster the development of a peer-to-peer decentralised electricity market between micro/small-scale distributed energy generators (e.g. households with PV systems) and EV owners. This opens up the possibility of using the mobility of EV as energy storage for end users and excess electricity generated by households as a source to service the energy demand of EV owners. The proposed system will provide an open price bidding environment based on real-time electricity availability information of surplus power from distributed resources. To realise this a background programme needs to be running in real-time to model low-voltage electricity distribution networks from the distribution network operators (DNO). In this project, detailed network modelling (in both space and time domains) will be generated via graphical auto-identification techniques based on the existing DNO geographic information systems (GIS) and network design manuals. The social feasibility will also be assessed through qualitative and quantitative work to assess potential acceptability and behavioural responses. This idea can provide more flexible EV charging/discharging practices by options of H2V (House-to-Vehicle), W2V (Wind-to-Vehicle), and V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) scenarios. Such a system could lead to a more efficient and flexible way of utilising distributed renewable energy sources and improving EV charging practices. From the DNO's point of view, such a system would also make it easier to manage dispersed renewable generation, mitigate network stresses and reduce the need for network reinforcement.