CMMI-EPSRC: Modeling and Monitoring of Urban Underground Climate Change

在人口密集的城市地区，地下被开发用于各种目的，包括运输，额外的住宅/商业空间，存储和工业过程。随着城市人口的增加和建筑技术的显著改进，预计未来十年地下结构的数量将增加，导致地下拥堵。最近出现的数据表明，地下建筑对地下温度的显着影响，有大量的证据表明，在当地规模的地下温度上升。虽然众所周知，城市化加上气候变化正在放大城市地面上的热岛效应，但由于（i）对历史和未来大尺度地下气候变化的建模工作有限，以及（ii）长期地下温度监测非常有限，因此城市规模的地下气候变化的程度尚不清楚。本研究的假设是：（a）隧道和地下室周围的地面温度较高，B）含水层内观察到的温度升高，以及（c）地下铁路网络的通风效率低下，需要更详细和可靠的城市地下热状态的知识。该项目将建立一个框架，在存在地下热源和热汇的情况下，以高分辨率监测和预测温度和地下水分布。这可以通过数字建模、连续温度和地下水监测以及统计分析相结合来实现。最终目标是为每个城市生成可靠的地下气候图，并有能力了解未来城市化情景的影响。MeritThe联合NSF-EPSRC研究的目的是促进城市地下对城市尺度地下温度升高的影响的理解。将在伦敦和弗朗西斯科的站点开发和安装一个使用光纤传感技术的低成本和可靠的地下气象站。开发一个基于高性能计算的地下水热耦合气候变化程序，模拟整个城市尺度的温度和地下水随时间的变化。区域和城市规模的数值模拟和实验温度监测的主要科学成果是一系列原型仿真器，这些仿真器是根据地质特征、地面建筑环境（如地表和建筑物类型）以及地下结构的密度和类型定义的。这些原型仿真器将允许有效的城市规模建模，并使该方法能够应用于任何其他城市或地区，这些城市或地区具有类似的地上和地下建筑环境特征。这一新的知识将使人们有可能考虑城市地区地下结构周围的精确热条件，并促进地热资源的有效利用，用于供暖和制冷目的。

OverviewIn dense urban areas, the underground is exploited for a variety of purposes, including transport, additional residential/commercial spaces, storage, and industrial processes. With the rise in urban populations and significant improvements in construction technologies, the number of subsurface structures is expected to grow in the next decade, leading to subsurface congestion. Recently emerging data indicate a significant impact of underground construction on subsurface temperature and there is extensive evidence of underground temperature rise at the local scale. Although it is well known that urbanization coupled with climate change is amplifying the urban heat island effect above ground, the extent of the underground climate change at the city scale is unknown because of (i) limited work on modeling the historical and future underground climate change at large scale and (ii) very limited long-term underground temperature monitoring. The hypothesis of this research is that (a) the high ground temperature around tunnels and underground basements, b) the observed temperature increase within the aquifer, and (c) inefficiency in ventilation of the underground railway networks, necessitate more detailed and reliable knowledge of urban underground thermal status. The project will develop a framework for monitoring and predicting temperature and groundwater distributions at high resolutions in the presence of underground heat sources and sinks. This can be achieved via a combination of numerical modelling, continuous temperature and groundwater monitoring and statistical analyses. The ultimate goal is for every city to generate reliable maps of underground climate, with the ability to understand the influence of future urbanization scenarios.MeritThe objective of this joint NSF-EPSRC research is to advance understanding of the impacts of the urban underground on subsurface temperature increase at the city-scale. A low cost and reliable underground weather station using the fiber optic sensing technologies will be developed and installed at sites in London and San Francisco. A high-performance computing based thermo-hydro coupled underground climate change code will be developed to simulate the temperature and groundwater variation with time at the whole city scale. The main scientific deliverable from the district- and city-scale numerical simulations and the experimental temperature monitoring is a series of archetype emulators, which are defined based on the geological characteristics, above ground built environment, such as surface and buildings types, and the density and type of the underground structures. These archetype emulators will allow efficient city-scale modelling and enable application of the methodology to any other city or region with similar characteristics of above and underground built environment. This new knowledge will make possible to consider precise thermal conditions around underground structures in urban areas as well as facilitate efficient utilization of geothermal resources for both heating and cooling purposes.