UK-Australia Centre in a Secure Internet of Energy: Supporting Electric Vehicle Infrastructure at the "Edge" of the Grid

能源互联网（IoE）是通过优化电能使用，特别是电动汽车等新兴负载，实现“零碳”社会的典范。该范式是一种认识，即将物联网与能源和需求负载相集成，能够实时处理数据流，以支持可操作的决策支持。这种中心到中心的合作旨在对未来万物互联系统的网络弹性进行基础性的多学科研究。由于电动汽车可能会在未来最大限度地利用电池容量，因此它们将在万物互联基础设施中发挥关键作用。根据《2020年全球电动汽车展望》报告（https：//www.iea.org/reports/global-evoutlook-2020，国际能源署），2019年全球电动汽车销量突破210万辆，超过了2018年（已经是创纪录的一年），将电动汽车的存量提升至720万辆。随着两轮/三轮车、公共汽车和卡车电气化技术的进步以及市场的增长，电动汽车正在大幅扩张。这种增长通过政府法规进一步扩大，例如逐步淘汰柴油和汽油车辆。在英国和澳大利亚，这一比例也可能上升。为了实现气候变化目标，到2030年，英国一半的汽车必须是电动汽车（根据英国政府的数据）。类似地，澳大利亚政府（https：//www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/）预测，到2040年，电动汽车（EV）预计将占新车销量的70%至100%。为了满足不断增长的电动汽车需求，英国和澳大利亚政府正在加大充电基础设施的安装力度。例如，目前英国13，000多个地点有超过35，000个充电点连接器，仅2020年就增加了约7，000个充电点连接器。这使得电动汽车成为万物互联中的重要能源消费者，其电池也在紧急情况或需求意外激增时提供了储能潜力。然而，只有当我们能够确保电动汽车（EV），充电基础设施和国家电网之间的互动时，才能有效地实现这一好处。自2016年以来，涉及车辆的网络事件数量增加了605%，事件发生率同比翻了一番（根据2020年上游安全的全球汽车网络安全报告）。这种网络攻击的目标不仅是私人电动汽车，也包括商用电动汽车。该提案结合了攻击建模，数据合成，攻击生成和验证这些使用测试平台在英国和澳大利亚的工作流。将开发一个模拟器，以支持对电动汽车网络弹性的一些“假设”调查。该提案中的合作伙伴拥有网络安全、电力电子、电动汽车、人工智能和分布式计算方面的专业知识，并在多站点合作方面拥有丰富的经验。该项目中开发的物联网（网络物理）安全理论也将有助于加速电网边缘电动汽车能源生产消费者的采用。该提案还将为经验丰富和早期职业研究人员提供一个机会，共同应对上述挑战。作为该提议的一部分，将制定一个“未来领导人”培训方案，在英国和澳大利亚合作伙伴之间建立一个学生和学术人员的“思想交流”社区。我们的行业合作伙伴也将通过研讨会和“沙坑”活动参与进来，以确定具有行业相关性的用例，并为未来的创业提供基础（与我们机构的创业团队合作）。开发的共享测试平台和模拟环境也将在完成这项工作时提供遗产。

The Internet of Energy (IoE) is a paradigm towards achieving a "zero-carbon" society by optimising electrical energy usage, especially for emerging loads such as Electric Vehicles. The paradigm is a recognition that integrating the internet of things with energy sources and demand loads, enables real-time processing of data streams to support actionable decision support. The aim of this centre-to-centre collaboration is to conduct fundamental multi-disciplinary research in the cyber resilience of future IoE systems. As electric vehicles are likely to make the greatest use of battery capacity in the future, they will play a key role in the IoE infrastructures. According to the "Global EV Outlook 2020" report (https://www.iea.org/reports/global-evoutlook-2020, International Energy Agency), Electric Vehicle sales topped 2.1M globally in 2019, surpassing 2018 - already a record year - to boost the stock to 7.2M electric cars. As technological progress in the electrification of two/three-wheelers, buses and trucks advances and the market for them grows, electric vehicles are expanding significantly. This growth is further amplified through government regulations, e.g. phasing out of diesel and petrol vehicles. This percentage is also likely to grow both in the United Kingdom and Australia. To meet climate-change goals, half of UK cars must be electric by 2030 (according to the UK government). Similarly, the Australian government (https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/) predicts that by 2040, electric vehicles (EVs) are projected to account for 70% to 100% of new vehicle sales. To meet the demand of the growing EV population, UK and Australian governments are ramping up the installation of charging infrastructure. For example, there are now more than 35,000 charge point connectors across the UK in over 13,000 locations - with around 7,000 charge point connectors added in 2020 alone. This makes electrical vehicles significant energy consumers in the IoE, with their batteries also providing the potential for energy storage in times of emergency or unexpected surges in demand. However, this benefit can only be effectively realised if we can secure the interaction between Electric Vehicles (EVs), charging infrastructure and the national grid. Since 2016, the number of cyber incidents involving vehicles has increased by 605%, with incident rates doubling on a year to year basis (according to 2020 Upstream security's global automotive cybersecurity report). The target of such cyber-attacks is not only private EVs but also commercial EVs. This proposal combines workstreams on attack modelling, data synthesis, attack generation and validation of these using testbeds across the UK and Australia. A simulator will be developed to support a number of "what-if" investigations in cyber resilience for EVs to be carried out. Partners in this proposal have expertise in cybersecurity, power electronics, electrical vehicles, artificial intelligence and distributed computing, and have extensive prior experience in multi-site collaborations. The IoE (cyber-physical) security theory developed in this project will also contribute to accelerated adoption of EV energy prosumers at the edge of the power grid.This proposal will also provide an opportunity for experienced and early career researchers to work collectively on the challenges identified above. A "future leaders" training programme will be developed as part of this proposal to create an "ideas exchange" community across students and academic faculty between the UK and Australian partners. Our industry partners will also be engaged through workshops and "sandpit" events to identify use cases that have industry relevance and which could provide the basis for future startups (in collaboration with entrepreneurship teams at our institutions). The shared testbeds and simulation environment developed will also provide a legacy on completion of this work.