CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR BY DRUG INJECTION

药物作为积极的兴奋剂来维持和加强行为 导致他们的管理，并可以控制行为，通过他们的 作为辨别刺激的能力。 在许多情况下，药物 通过药理学和行为机制， 持续维持长期的药物寻求行为， 对灭绝有很强的抵抗力 这些长时间的吸毒行为 行为可以使用时间表控制的性能进行分析， 与其他事件（如食物或 冲击. 使用各种静脉自我给药程序， 大鼠和灵长类动物，正在进行的实验正在进行评估， 药物维持的行为和药理作用的能力 治疗，（即，拮抗剂给药或发展 依赖）和/或行为操纵以改变药物 自我给药行为和/或食物维持行为。 这些 研究将比较在固定比率、固定 间隔和复杂的二阶时间表，由各种药物，包括 可卡因、尼古丁和其他精神兴奋剂、苯二氮卓类药物， 其他镇静/抗焦虑药、吗啡和其他阿片类药物以及δ-9 THC (the大麻的活性成分）。 例如，由于多巴胺能 机制似乎是精神兴奋作用的基础，最近 研究评估了舍曲林的作用，舍曲林是一种选择性的肾上腺素能药物， 摄取抑制剂，作为一种抗抑郁药有效，对 增强松鼠猴静脉注射尼古丁的效果。 此外 药物的药理学功效的差异，以控制或 改变行为，很明显，行为和环境因素 在控制即使是高效药物 对行为施加影响。 实验的重点是恒河猴的自我- 管理实验室是研究药理学，行为， 环境变量参与启动和维持药物自我- 局 最近的研究评估了可卡因的获得率 恒河猴的自我注射发现与行为 历史，但不是活动水平。 其他研究正在评估 δ-苯丙胺能拮抗剂对δ-苯丙胺自我注射的影响 和去甲肾上腺素能拮抗剂和可卡因自身摄取抑制剂， 注射 在另一项研究中，我们正在评估强化功效， 的立体异构体的l-丙炔苯丙胺（司来吉兰）相比， 甲基苯丙胺及其L-立体异构体，以及评估 以改变可卡因的自我给药， 甲基苯丙胺或β-苯乙胺。

Drugs serve as positive reinforcers to maintain and strengthen behavior leading to their administration and can control behavior through their ability to function as discriminative stimuli. In many situations, drugs of abuse function through pharmacological and behavioral mechanisms to persistently sustain long sequences of drug seeking behavior that are very resistant to extinction. These long sequences of drug-seeking behavior can be analyzed using schedule-controlled performances in the same way as operant behavior maintained by other events such as food or shock. Using a variety of intravenous self-administration procedures in rats and primates, ongoing experiments are being conducted to evaluate behavior maintained by drugs and the ability of pharmacological treatments, (i.e., antagonist administration or the development of dependence) and/or behavioral manipulations to modify drug self-administration behavior and/or food-maintained behavior. These studies will compare responding maintained under fixed-ratio, fixed interval and complex second-order schedules, by various drugs including cocaine, nicotine and other psychomotor stimulants, benzodiazepines and other sedative/anxiolytics, morphine and other opioids and delta-9 THC (the active ingredient of marijuana). For example, since serotonergic mechanisms appear to underlie psychomotor stimulant action, recent studies evaluated the effects of sertraline, a selective serotonergic uptake inhibitor that is effective as an antidepressant, on the reinforcing effects of i.v. nicotine in squirrel monkeys. In addition to differences in the pharmacological efficacy of drugs to control or modify behavior, it is clear that behavioral and environmental factors play an important role in the control that even highly efficacious drugs exert on behavior. The focus of experiments in the rhesus self- administration lab are to study the pharmacological, behavioral, and environmental variables involved in initiating and maintaining drug self- administration. Recent studies assessed rates of acquisition of cocaine self-injection in rhesus monkeys found a relationship with behavioral history, but not activity level. Additional studies are evaluating the effects of serotonergic antagonists on delta-amphetamine self-injection and noradrenergic antagonists and uptake inhibitors on cocaine self- injection. In another study, we are evaluating the reinforcing efficacy of the stereoisomers of l-deprenyl (selegiline) in comparison to methamphetamine and its l-stereoisomer, as well as evaluating the ability of deprenyl pretreatment to alter self-administration of cocaine, methamphetamine or beta-phenylethylamine.