CBOIAO: Constructing the 'Barbarian Other' in Attic Oratory of the Fourth Century B.C.E.

身份，在个人和集体层面，通常被认为是指一种自我概念化，是基于对相似性和差异性的看法。虽然学者们已经注意到希腊人和非希腊人之间的对立他者在希腊身份形成中的重要性，但“野蛮他者”的修辞在公元前4世纪的政治和日常交流中所起的作用还没有得到系统的研究。本研究采用批评性话语分析的社会认知理论对雅典在民间场合，如泛希腊节日和公共葬礼，以及小型私人聚会，包括研讨会和学校。通过识别非希腊人在阁楼演讲中的存在和功能，研究演讲者所谴责的修辞策略和语言特征，以及在更广泛的历史和社会政治背景下对相关段落的近距离阅读，该项目将展示演讲者与观众之间的动态关系，并阐明了雅典公共和私人的话语“野蛮他者”作为一个问题的文化身份和过程，以及个人的战略和选择的结果。通过探索和揭示古代政治和日常话语中的“他者”修辞背后的（种族）偏见，有问题的假设和思维习惯，该项目将有助于反思当代关于外国人和局外人的话语中使用的策略和语言，特别是“他者”修辞在政治和教育领域中扮演的角色。

Identities, at both individual and collective levels, are normally considered to denote a self-conceptualisation that is predicated on perceptions of similarity and difference. Although scholars have noted the significance of the oppositional othering between Greeks and non-Greeks in the formation of Greek identities, the processes that the rhetoric of the 'barbarian other' played in fourth-century BCE political and everyday communication have not been systematically examined. Adopting the social-cognitive theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyse the corpus of Attic oratory, the project aims to explore the relationship between individual orators' manipulative use of ethnographic images of the 'barbarian other' and their cognitive and emotive effect on the audiences in different Athenian institutional settings, especially in the Assembly and law courts, on civic occasions such as Panhellenic festivals and public funerals, and in small private gatherings including symposia and schools. By identifying the presence and function of nonGreeks in Attic oratory, examining the rhetorical strategies and linguistic features deplored by the orators, as well as juxtaposing close readings of relevant passages within the broader historical and social-political contexts, the project will demonstrate the dynamic relationship between the orators and the audiences, and elucidate Athenian public and private discourses about the 'barbarian other' as a matter of cultural identity and processes, as well as a result of individual strategies and choices. Through exploring and exposing the (ethnic) biases, problematic assumptions and habits of thought that underlie the rhetoric of 'otherness' in ancient political and everyday discourse, the project will help reflect on the strategies and language used in contemporary discourse concerning foreigners and outsiders, in particular, on what role of the rhetoric of the 'other' plays in political and educational domains.