GESTURAL TIMING AND LINGUISTIC ORGANIZATION

项目2的主要目标是继续发展我们的理论 语音的角度，根据语音的语音手势 道是一次原始的语言学理论的音韵， 最小的言语单位和最小的可感知单位 语音信息。 一种视图，其中图元单位在 我们认为，这三个领域比其他领域有很大的优势。 概念化 最值得注意的是，它允许一种观点，即一个 语言信息是在说话者的声道中产生的， 从而直接构造声学语音信号。 因为这 信息的单位以这种方式是公开的，而不是完全隐蔽的 心理类别，听众可以直接从信号中恢复它们。 我们建议沿着沿着四条路线发展这个理论。 第一，我们调查 词的内部组织的语音属性高于 手势--把音节组织成韵尾和韵脚，例如-- 并测试这些组织是如何通过手势实现的。 第二 研究线检查的影响，手势组织的变化， 说话风格及其声学和感知后果。 而 风格变化对手势组织的影响，我们提出， 简单的声学后果是复杂的。 特别是，我们将测试一个 认为只有两条规则支配着一个转变中的手势组织的变化 从正式的朗读到更快、更随意或更自然的演讲： 手势可以在相对时间上滑动或者它们可以在幅度上减小。 此外，然而，由于这些简单的声学后果 手势的变化是复杂的，我们建议调查的程度， 以及语音对比向听者传达的方式 与阅读语音相比， 可以发生手势滑动和减少。 第三行 一项研究专门着眼于声学语音信号如何提供 信息给听众。 我们测试一个视图，侦听器“解析” 将声学信号转换成声学星座，其分量是 语音手势的后果。 在相关工作中，我们使用 计算手势模型，以显示如何从 声信号 在最后的研究中，我们测试了一个假设， 在手势的恢复方面，言语的感知并不特殊 因为，在所有的听觉感知中，听者使用声学信号作为 环境中的因果来源的信息。

A major aim of project 2 is to continue development of our theoretical perspective of speech, according to which phonetic gestures of the vocal tract are at once primitives of a linguistic theory of phonology, the smallest units of speech production and the smallest perceivable units of a speech message. A view in which the primitive units are the same in these three domains has, we believe, substantial advantages over other conceptualizations. Most notably, it permits a view that units of a linguistic message are literally produced in the vocal tract of a speaker, and therefore, structure the acoustic speech signal directly. Because, the units of the message are public in this way, rather than wholly covert mental categories, listeners can recovery them directly from the signal. We propose to develop the theory along four lines. In one, we investigate word-internal organizations of phonetic properties superordinate to the gesture - organizations of syllables into onsets and rhymes, for example - and test how those organizations are realized gesturally. A second research line examines effects on gestural organization of variation in speaking style and its acoustic and perceptual consequences. Whereas the effects of style variation on gestural organization are, we propose, simple, acoustic consequences are complex. In particular, we will test a view that just two rules govern changes in gestural organization in a shift from formal, read speech to faster, more casual or spontaneous speech: gestures may slide in relative time or they may be reduced in magnitude. In addition, however, because acoustic consequences of these simple gestural changes are complex, we propose to investigate the extent to which and the manner in which phonological contrasts are signaled to listeners acoustically in spontaneous as compared to read speech where considerable gestural sliding and reduction may take place. A third line of investigation looks specifically at how an acoustic speech signal provides information to a listener. We test a view that the listener "parses" the acoustic signal into acoustic constellations the components of which are consequences of a phonetic gesture. In related work, we use our computational gestural model to show how gestures can be recovered from the acoustic signal. In a final research line, we test a hypothesis that, with respect to recovery of gestures, perception of speech is not special because, in all of auditory perception, listeners use acoustic signals as information for their causal sources in the environment.