CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR BY DRUG INJECTION

使用自我管理程序，几种不同类型的 实验正在进行中。 毒品的滥用倾向正在被 通过比较以下方面的答复率和模式进行评估： 各种毒品，包括可卡因、尼古丁和其他精神药物 兴奋剂、苯二氮卓类和其他镇静/抗焦虑药、吗啡和 其他阿片类药物 这些研究将比较维持在 固定比率、固定间隔时间表和复杂二阶时间表。 药物治疗的能力和发展 耐受性/依赖性改变药物自我给药行为和/或 还对食物维持行为进行了评估。 除了 药物的药理学功效的差异，很明显， 行为和环境因素可以改变控制， 高效的药物会影响行为。 实验的重点是 恒河猴自我给药实验室将研究药理学， 行为和环境变量参与启动和 维持药物自我给药。 某些药物，如可卡因和 其他精神兴奋剂通常有效地发挥作用， 在各种条件下的反应。 其他药物如 苯二氮卓类药物，一些阿片类药物和咖啡因，然而， 只有在相对有限的条件下，一般保持低 回应的层次。 松鼠猴的平行比较研究 以及给予受试者自我给药机会的人类 可卡因、吗啡、尼古丁和其他毒品的可比剂量 类似的行为时间表和实验条件提供了一种方法， 评估影响药物的生物学变量的一般性 自我管理。 我们之前已经证明了在二阶下， 药物自我管理的时间表，低剂量的吗啡可以支持 自我管理的人，即使受试者报告没有 这些药物剂量的主观影响。 该结果表明 药物作用的主观报告可能不是药物作用的重要因素。 滥用药物的积极强化作用。 为了进一步证实 这些发现，我们目前正在重复这些实验。 在 此外，我们还测试了服用低剂量吗啡的受试者， 与阿片类拮抗剂纳洛酮，以确定是否有任何 可以观察到突然戒断的生理学迹象。 在戒断试验期间还将采集主观报告， 确定撤回是否也可能独立于主观因素发生 报告，或者主观报告之间是否存在更接近的匹配 和退缩之间的自我管理和主观报告。

Using self-administration procedures, several different types of experiments are being conducted. The abuse liability of drugs are being assessed by comparing the rates and patterns of responding maintained by various drugs, including cocaine, nicotine and other psychomotor stimulants, benzodiazepines and other sedative/anxiolytics, morphine and other opioids. These studies will compare responding maintained under fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules and complex second-order schedules. The ability of pharmacological treatments and the development of tolerance/dependence to modify drug self-administration behavior and/or food maintained behavior is also being assessed. In addition to differences in pharmacological efficacy of drugs, it is clear that behavioral and environmental factors can modify the control that even highly efficacious drugs exert on behavior. The focus of experiments in the rhesus self-administration lab are to study the pharmacological, behavioral, and environmental variables involved in initiating and maintaining drug self-administration. Certain drugs, such as cocaine and other psychomotor stimulants generally function effectively as reinforcers under a variety of conditions. Other drugs such as benzodiazepines, some opioids, and caffeine, however, have been studied only under relatively limited conditions, and generally maintain low levels of responding. Parallel comparative studies in squirrel monkeys and humans in which subjects are given the opportunity to self-administer comparable doses of cocaine, morphine, nicotine and other drugs under similar behavioral schedules and experimental conditions provide a means to assess the generality of biological variables influencing drug self-administration. We have previously shown under a second-order schedule of drug self-administration, low doses of morphine can support self-administration in humans even though the subjects report no subjective effects of these drug doses. This result indicates that subjective reports of a drug effect may not be an important factor in the positive reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. To further substantiate these findings, we are currently repeating these experiments. In addition, we are also testing subjects who administer low morphine doses with the opioid antagonist naltrexone to determine whether any physiological signs of precipitated withdrawal can be observed. Subjective reports will also taken during the withdrawal test to determine whether withdrawal may also occur independent of subjective report, or whether there is a closer match between the subjective reports and withdrawal than between self-administration and subjective reports.