Making Wellbeing Count for Policy: Patterns and trends in personal, social and societal wellbeing in Europe and the UK.

近年来，人们对幸福概念的兴趣大幅增长，与此同时，可用于研究幸福的数据量也在稳步增加。在法国总统萨科齐委托发布了所谓的斯蒂格利茨报告之后，其他一些政府也纷纷效仿，采取了更积极主动的方法来衡量幸福。2010年11月，英国首相戴维•卡梅伦（David Cameron）启动了国家统计局的“衡量国民福祉计划”。当时，首相办公室的一位消息人士表示：“下次我们进行全面的支出审查时，不要只是猜测各种政策对人民福祉的影响。让我们真正知道。”然而，迄今为止对对新发现作出适当政策反应的关注相对较少。该项目开始解决这一不足，广泛使用欧洲社会调查，这是一个成熟的跨国数据集，具有很高的方法标准。自2002年以来，ESS纳入了一些衡量幸福不同要素的问题：个人对自己生活感到幸福和满意的程度（个人幸福）；他们感觉融入和融入社会环境的程度（社会福利）；以及公民在国家层面上对社会表现和价值观的评价（社会福祉）。此外，有两次（2006年和2012年），调查还包含了一个关于社会和个人幸福的完整模块问题。2012年实地调查的结果数据最近可用于24个国家，其余国家的数据将于2014年春季发布。这种方法包括三个方面。第一阶段使用数据绘制欧洲幸福图景，指出不同国家之间、不同时期以及不同衡量标准之间的差异。它还将探讨与幸福相关的因素（或“驱动因素”），以及这些因素在不同国家、不同时间和不同衡量标准下的差异。它的目标是确定福祉方面的不平等，并确定这些不平等最明显和最不明显的地方。在之前工作的基础上，我们希望发现人们的个人幸福是如何与他们对社会质量的评估相关联的，以及两者之间的联系有多紧密（如果有的话）。它还将研究“幸福的五种方式”的相关性，这是一种被英国各地的地方当局、卫生专业人员和社区团体用来改善幸福的工具。该项目的第二部分使用这些数据来制定最能反映其诸多方面复杂性的总体幸福指标。在这样做的过程中，它试图准确地代表数据的结构和关于幸福的许多理论。每一套设计不同的指标都会对它们的传达方式和对象产生影响。最后一部分侧重于在政策分析中使用福利数据。根据前一阶段的分析，项目团队将考虑欧洲各地福祉的变化是否需要政策回应，以及所揭示的“驱动因素”是否指向任何政策优先事项。我们将选择三个政策领域，研究哪些类型的证据目前为这些政策的制定提供了信息，然后通过将福祉数据纳入政策过程和其他类型的证据，在一系列研讨会上与政策制定者合作，制定政策建议。它将利用这些建议，结合对欧洲各国福祉水平和变化的分析，以及一套易于获取的人口福祉标题指标，使广大受众对研究结果产生兴趣。预期的最终结果是，在政策制定中使用主观幸福感数据的可信度和意愿更高，并在政治目标上进行更明智的辩论。

Recent years have seen a huge growth in interest in the concept of wellbeing, and this has been matched by a steady increase in the amount of data available for studying it. After the so-called Stiglitz report commissioned by French President Sarkozy, a number of other governments have followed suit and taken a more proactive approach to the measurement of wellbeing. In November 2010 Prime Minister David Cameron launched the Office for National Statistics's Measuring National Wellbeing Programme. At the time, a source in the PM's office said "next time we have a comprehensive spending review, let's not just guess what effect various policies will have on people's wellbeing. Let's actually know." However there has been relatively little attention so far to appropriate policy responses to emerging findings. This project starts to address this shortfall making extensive use of the European Social Survey, a well-established cross-national dataset with high methodological standards. Since 2002, the ESS has included a small number of questions measuring different elements of wellbeing: the degree to which individuals feel happy and satisfied with their own lives (personal wellbeing); the extent to which they feel integrated and included in their social surroundings (social wellbeing); and the evaluations citizens make of the performance and values of their society at the national level (societal wellbeing). In addition, on two occasions (2006 and 2012), the survey has included a whole module of questions about social and personal wellbeing. The resulting data from the 2012 fieldwork recently became available for 24 countries and the remaining countries' data will be released in Spring 2014. The approach comprises three strands. The first stage uses the data to map the European wellbeing landscape, noting the differences between countries, over time, and between different measures. It will also explore the factors (or 'drivers') that seem to be associated with wellbeing, and how these also vary between country, over time and for different measures. It will aim to identify inequalities in wellbeing and to establish where these are most and least apparent. Building on previous work, we hope to discover how people's individual wellbeing is related to their evaluations of the quality of their societies, and how strongly, if at all, the two are linked. It will also look at the relevance of the 'Five ways to well-being' - a tool which is being used by local authorities, health professionals and community groups across the UK to improve wellbeing. The second strand of the project uses these data to develop headline indicators of wellbeing that best capture the complexity of its many aspects. In doing so it attempts to accurately represent both the structure of the data and the many theories of what wellbeing is. Each differently designed set of indicators has implications for the way they are communicated and to whom.The final strand is focused on the use of wellbeing data in policy analysis. Drawing on the previous stages of analysis, the project team will consider whether the variations in wellbeing across Europe call for policy responses, and if the 'drivers' that are revealed point to any policy priorities. We will select three areas of policy, examine what types of evidence currently inform how these policies are made, and then develop policy recommendations by integrating the well-being data into the policy process and other types of evidence, working with policy makers in a series of seminars. It will use these recommendations, together with an analysis of cross-Europe levels and changes in well-being and set of easily accessible headline indicators of population well-being, to create interest in the findings across a broad audience. The intended ultimate outcome is greater credibility of, and appetite for, the use of subjective well-being data in policy making and better informed debates on political goals.