Euroscepticism: dimensions, causes and consequences in times of crisis

金融危机的爆发标志着欧洲一体化进程进入了一个新时期。它比以往任何时候都更突出了跨国经济再分配问题，并增加了欧洲联盟内部和关于欧盟的政治争论。在危机前的时代，欧洲怀疑主义主要是一种公众抗议的表达，仅限于政治体系边缘的政党，与此相反，它现在已发展成为一种广泛的现象，对欧盟及其成员国的民主产生了深远的影响。然而，我们对欧洲一体化政治化的本质以及政治冲突结构因危机而发生的变化所知甚少，令人惊讶。寻求建立在研究民主竞争和欧洲一体化政治化的文献基础上，并有助于提高对危机时期欧洲怀疑主义本质的理解，该项目通过整合三个研究目标，为欧洲怀疑主义的研究提供了原创性贡献，这些目标旨在(1)绘制和识别欧洲怀疑主义的不同维度，并了解这些维度是否因危机而改变；(2)探索欧洲怀疑主义的根本原因，并解释国家、政党和个人层面上欧洲怀疑主义水平的变化；(3)通过测试欧洲怀疑主义对国内政治行为的影响，评估其反馈到国家政治中的方式。为了回答这些问题，本项目依赖于一种新颖的跨学科纵向和比较研究设计，并通过定量和实验方法的互补使用，应用了一种独创的多方法方法。该项目将通过对所有欧盟成员国的横断面和时间序列数据的分析来检查欧洲怀疑主义的维度和原因。纵向设计使我们能够比较危机前和危机期间的欧洲怀疑主义。该项目将研究欧洲怀疑主义对国内政治行为的影响，重点关注三个国家，即英国、德国和希腊，这三个国家分别是非欧元区成员国、债权国和债务国。以我对欧洲怀疑主义的研究为基础，本研究对我们理解欧洲反对派政治和欧盟民主赤字的文献做出了重要的理论、实证和方法贡献。该项目的研究结果将为精英和公民对欧洲一体化的态度提供基于证据的知识，从而为应对欧洲怀疑主义情绪的上升提供有效的政策回应。该项目为期三年（2016-2018），将使我成为政治分析前沿的研究领导者，将项目研究结果与2017年英国欧盟成员国可能举行的公投、希腊退出的可能性以及即将到来的2019年欧洲议会（EP）选举的辩论联系起来。通过对欧洲怀疑主义不断变化的本质的洞察，该项目有可能引发有关欧盟机构改革、问责制和代表权的辩论。一个由学者和政策制定者组成的咨询委员会将在项目期间接受咨询。为了确保与相关政策团体共同生产知识，我与两个智库——布鲁塞尔的欧洲进步研究基金会（Foundation for European Progressive Studies）和伦敦的政策网络（policy Network）——建立了官方伙伴关系。研究成果将包括通过三个与政策有关的讲习班、行政摘要、政策刊物、媒体文章和一个专门的项目网站向从业人员和广大公众传播；并通过参加会议、期刊文章和专著进行学术传播。

The outbreak of the financial crisis has signalled a new period in the process of European integration. It has -more than ever before- brought to the forefront issues of transnational economic redistribution and has increased political contestation in and about the European Union (EU). Contrary to the pre-crisis era when Euroscepticism was mostly an expression of public protest limited to parties in the margins of their political systems, it has now developed into a widespread phenomenon with far-reaching implications for democracy in the EU and its members. However, we know surprisingly little about the nature of politicisation of European integration and the ways in which the structure of political conflict has changed as a result of the crisis. Seeking to build on the literature examining democratic contestation and the politicisation of European integration, and to contribute towards an improved understanding of the nature of Euroscepticism in times of crisis, this project offers an original contribution to the study of Euroscepticism by integrating three research objectives, which aim at (1) mapping and identifying the different dimensions of Euroscepticism and understanding whether these have changed as a result of the crisis; (2) exploring the underlying causes of Euroscepticism and explaining variation in levels of Euroscepticism at the country, party and individual levels; and (3) assessing the ways in which Euroscepticism feeds back into national politics by testing its consequences on domestic political behaviour. In answering these questions, this project relies on a novel interdisciplinary longitudinal and comparative research design and applies an original multi-method approach through the complementary use of quantitative and experimental methods. The project will examine the dimensions and causes of Euroscepticism through an analysis of cross-sectional and time series data in all EU member states. The longitudinal design enables us to compare Euroscepticism in the periods prior to and during the crisis. The project will study the consequences of Euroscepticism on domestic political behaviour by focusing on three countries, namely Britain, Germany and Greece, which are non-Eurozone members, creditor and debtor countries, respectively. Building on my work on Euroscepticism, this study makes a significant theoretical, empirical and methodological contribution to our understanding of the politics of opposition in Europe and the literature on the EU's democratic deficit. The project's findings will provide evidence-based knowledge about elite and citizen attitudes towards European integration, allowing for effective policy responses to the rise of Eurosceptic sentiment across Europe. The three-year length of the project (2016-2018) will enable me to become a research leader at the forefront of political analysis, linking the project's findings to the debate over the possible 2017 referendum on British EU membership, the possibility of Greek exit and the upcoming 2019 European Parliament (EP) elections. Through its insights on the changing nature of Euroscepticism, the project has the potential to stir debate regarding institutional reform, accountability and representation in the EU. An advisory board consisting of academics and policy-makers will be consulted through the duration of the project. In order to ensure the co-production of knowledge with relevant policy communities, I have established official partnership with two think tanks, the Brussels-based Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the London-based Policy Network. Research outputs will include dissemination to practitioners and the wider public through three policy-related workshops, executive summaries, policy publications, media articles and a dedicated project website; and academic dissemination through conference participation, journal articles and a monograph.