Models of Explicit and Implicit Memory: Linking Priming, Recognition, and Source Memory

记忆有许多不同的形式。了解这些不同形式的记忆是如何在大脑中运作和激活的，是心理学和神经科学研究的一个关键目标。一个基本的问题是，是否存在独立于其他类型的记忆的不同形式（多系统理论），或者不同形式的记忆是否实际上利用了相同的底层记忆（单系统理论）。该项目将对现有的单系统模型进行严格的测试：a)将其应用于一个记忆任务，该任务被认为对模型的解释具有挑战性——源记忆；b)在八个旨在区分模型的新实验中，将其预测与模型的多系统版本的预测进行比较。在之前的研究中，申请人已经发现了识别记忆和重复启动的单系统模型的证据，并且该模型比多系统模型更受欢迎。识别记忆包括能够判断你以前是否遇到过某事，例如，能够说出你以前见过罪犯的脸。重复启动是记忆的一个更间接的例子——当再次遇到刺激时，它通常表现为表现的改善；例如，当你看到一张你最近见过的熟悉的面孔时，你会倾向于比你很久没见过的面孔更快地识别它。识别记忆是外显（有意识）记忆的传统例子，而重复启动是内隐（无意识）记忆的传统例子。单系统模型解释的新任务是源记忆，这是另一种显式记忆任务，涉及记住与先前遭遇相关的特定信息。例如，如果你能记住你在犯罪现场而不是在超市看到了一张特定的脸，或者如果你能正确地记住罪犯的夹克是红色而不是蓝色，源记忆就会被显示出来。对于单系统模型来说，解释源记忆很重要，因为许多理论认为，用于做出源记忆决定的记忆与驱动重复启动的记忆不同。如果源记忆和重复启动之间的关系能够被证明遵循单系统模型的预测，这将对这些替代理论产生重要影响，并将是对单系统观点广度的关键考验。多元信号检测理论将被用于扩展模型。单系统模型的主要假设是启动、识别和源是由相同的记忆信号驱动的。该模型的具体预测将通过实验进行验证。例如，该模型预测重复启动将与源记忆判断的准确性以及做出这些判断的信心呈正相关。它还预测这种关系是由识别记忆调节的。此外，它预测实验变量将倾向于相似地影响启动、识别和源记忆，因此将受到这些措施受到不同影响的实验的强烈挑战。实验操作的注意力和形式的编码将探讨这一点。该模型将与实验数据拟合，并与多系统模型的拟合和预测结果进行比较；这将把相互竞争的理论假设纳入到单系统模型中，并允许驱动显式和隐式记忆的记忆信号之间的不同程度的独立性。

Memory comes in many different forms. Understanding how these different forms of memory operate and are enabled in the brain is a crucial goal in psychological and neuroscientific research. A fundamental question is whether there are distinct forms of memory that function independently of other kinds (multiple-systems theory), or whether different forms of memory actually draw upon the same underlying memory (single-system theory). This project will conduct rigorous tests of an existing single-system model by a) applying it to a memory task thought to be challenging for the model to explain -- source memory, and b) comparing its predictions to those of multiple-systems versions of the model in eight new experiments that are designed to discriminate between the models.In previous research, the applicant has found evidence for a single-system model of recognition memory and repetition priming, and this model was preferred to multiple-systems ones. Recognition memory involves being able to determine whether you have encountered something before, for instance, being able to say that you have seen the face of a perpetrator of a crime before. Repetition priming is a more indirect example of memory -- it is typically shown via improvements in performance when a stimulus is re-encountered; for example, when presented with a familiar face that you have seen recently, you will tend to identify it faster than a face that you have not seen for a long time. Recognition memory is a traditional example of explicit (conscious) memory, whereas repetition priming is a traditional example of implicit (unconscious) memory.The new task to be explained by the single-system model is source memory, another explicit memory task, which involves remembering specific information related to a prior encounter. For instance, source memory would be shown if you were able to remember that you saw a particular face at the scene of a crime and not at the supermarket, or if you were able to correctly remember that the colour of the jacket of the perpetrator of a crime was red and not blue. It is important for the single-system model to also explain source memory because many theories propose that the memory used to make source memory decisions is distinct from the kind of memory that drives repetition priming. If the relationship between source memory and repetition priming could be shown to follow the predictions of the single-system model, this would have important implications for these alternative theories, and would be a crucial test of the breadth of single-system views.Multivariate signal detection theory will be drawn upon in extending the model. The main assumption of the single-system model is that priming, recognition, and source are driven by the same memory signal. Specific predictions of the model will be tested experimentally. For example, the model predicts that repetition priming will be positively related to the accuracy of source memory judgments and also the confidence with which these judgments are made. It also predicts that this relationship is modulated by recognition memory. Furthermore, it predicts that experimental variables will tend to affect priming, recognition and source memory similarly, and so would be strongly challenged by experiments in which these measures are differentially affected. Experiments manipulating attention and modality of presentation at encoding will investigate this. The model will be fit to the experimental data and compared with the fit and predictions of multiple-systems models; these will incorporate competing theoretical assumptions to the single-system model and allow for various degrees of independence between the memory signals driving explicit and implicit memory.