Urgent Invite - Transitory Lives: An Anthropological Research of the Migration Crisis in the Mediterranean.

地中海正在发生的移民危机影响到所有欧洲国家，是欧洲政策制定的主要挑战之一。根据联合国难民署的数据，2015年上半年，有10.3万名乘船移民越过地中海。其中54000人抵达意大利，48000人抵达希腊。超过1800人死亡，或在海上失踪。2014年，Kirtsoglou、Lyon和Knight开展了一项由杜伦大学（Durham University）资助的关于希腊移民社区的试点研究，并与渴望发展新的基层倡议和合作的学者、政府和非政府组织组成的国际网络建立了联系。我们建议扩大和深化我们最初的参与，实地调查意大利南部和爱琴海东部受严重影响地区的移民紧急情况管理情况。我们的目标是记录和理解高风险非正规移民背后的移民主体性和动机，确定接收结构中的潜在差距，并评估移民对接收社区的影响。我们将参与一个严谨的人类学研究项目，包括对移民、当地社区、非政府组织工作人员和政策制定者进行广泛的采访。我们还将在一系列环境中开展广泛的观察研究，如接待中心、移民支持团体和其他社区场所。我们将与人道主义组织和地方政府当局合作，利用这些数据为该地区的移民政策提供信息。利用我们与两个国家主要利益相关者网络的现有联系和自下而上的比较研究方法，我们将追求以下需要立即关注的相互关联的问题：1)高风险移民之旅的主要驱动因素是什么？移民如何在旅行之前和之后计算和权衡风险？2)移民如何在管理移民的宏观过程中进行谈判，包括边境控制和寻求庇护政策，政府结构和地方接待系统（包括住宿和筛选基础设施）的主要缺陷是什么？3)地方社区在管理移徙流动方面的作用是什么？从紧急移徙遭遇中产生的新形式的社会互动和关系在建立面向非正规移徙者的团结网络方面的重要性是什么？4)当政策制定者和非政府组织努力应对这场危机时，意大利和希腊背景的比较能给他们什么启示？非正常移徙是一种复杂的现象，与人权、国家和超国家政策、劳工剥削和经济、缺乏可持续发展、国际冲突升级、腐败和安全等不同领域密切相关。对紧急移民遭遇的社会动态进行细致的人类学描述，可以为所有这些不同领域提供关键的见解。拟议中的研究旨在超越对移民政策的批评。通过关注所涉及的关键行为体，我们为社会科学家、人道主义援助从业者、政府和非政府当局之间的全面合作奠定了基础。一个由希腊和意大利非政府组织组成的网络支持该项目，同时还有一个长期参与并在地中海南部和东南部关键地区有杰出研究记录的团队。我们具备独特的条件，可以提供关于移民紧急情况的社会、物质、法律和政治层面的广泛证据基础，并建立新的信息渠道，帮助从业者和当局交流知识，完善政策，改善对未来移民危机的管理。

The ongoing migration crisis in the Mediterranean affects all European Countries and is one of the major challenges in European policy making. According to the UN Refugee Agency, 103,000 boat migrants crossed the Mediterranean in the first six months of 2015. 54,000 of them arrived in Italy and 48,000 in Greece. More than 1800 perished, or are missing at sea. In 2014, Kirtsoglou, Lyon and Knight carried out a Durham University funded pilot study of migrant communities in Greece and established links to an international network of academics, governmental and non-governmental organizations eager to develop new grassroots initiatives and collaborations. We propose to extend and deepen our initial involvement, by investigating in situ the management of migration emergencies in the critically affected regions of south Italy and the eastern Aegean islands. Our aim is to document and understand migrant subjectivities and motives behind high-risk irregular migration, to identify potemtial gaps in reception structures and to assess the effects of migration on receiving communities. We will engage in a programme of rigorous anthropological research that will involve extended interviews with migrants, local communities, NGO staff and policy makers. We will also carry out extensive observational research in a range of settings such as reception centres, migrant support groups and other community-based locations. Working in collaboration with humanitarian organisations and local government authorities, we will use this data to inform migration policies in the region. Capitalising on our existing links with a network of major stakeholders in two countries and a bottom-up comparative research approach we will pursue the following interconnected questions that demand immediate attention:1) What are the main drivers of high risk migration journeys and how do migrants calculate and weigh-up risk prior to the journey and in its aftermath? 2) How do migrants negotiate the macro-processes that govern migration including border control and asylum seeking policies, and what are the main deficiencies in governmental structures and local systems of reception, including accommodation and screening infrastructures?3) What is the role of local communities in managing migration flows and what is the importance of new forms of social interaction and relationships that emerge from emergency migration encounters in building networks of solidarity toward irregular migrants? 4) What can the comparison of Italian and Greek contexts teach policy developers and NGOs as they endeavour to respond to this crisis? Irregular migration is a complex phenomenon intimately related to different fields such as human rights, national and supranational policies, labour exploitation and economics, lack of sustainable development, international conflict escalation, corruption and security. A fine-grained anthropological account of the social dynamics of emergency migration encounters can provide critical insights on all these different fields. The proposed research aims to go beyond offering a critique to migration policies. By focusing on key actors involved, we lay the basis for comprehensive collaborations between social scientists, humanitarian aid practitioners, governmental and non-governmental authorities. A network of Greek and Italian NGOs support the project, alongside a team with long term involvement and a track record of outstanding research in the critical regions of south and south-eastern Mediterranean. We are uniquely equipped to deliver a wide evidence base of the social, material, legal and political dimensions of migration emergencies and to build new information channels that will help practitioners and authorities exchange knowledge, refine policies and improve the management of future migration crises.