From Military to Market: the Global Political Economy of Race and Gender in Private Military and Security Company Labour Chains

私营军事和安保公司(PMSC)正对全球安全治理的组织方式产生深远影响。这些公司承担着武装合同顾问的角色，正在改变战争和安全的实践方式。它们运营的经济规模也值得注意。这些公司是一个价值数十亿美元的行业的一部分，该行业参与了阿富汗、伊拉克和利比亚的国际安全行动，以及英国和美国的监狱。他们的客户包括私营商业机构、政府机构和非政府组织。与他们业务增长相匹配的是大量的学术调查和记者报道，这些报道展示了这些公司正在改变安全措施的方式--从国家主导的做法转变为与私营公司共享的做法，以及相关的法律和实践问题。然而，到目前为止，还没有将私营部门管理公司与劳工的政治经济学联系起来。这样的差距忽略了这些公司正在改变全球劳动力组织方式的重大方式，以准备和支持安全行动。它还错过了越来越多地要求全球南方劳工不仅提供武装和非武装的安全保护，而且发挥必要的后勤作用以支持这种行动的方式。这项研究试图解决私人安全研究中的这一经验和理论差距。它问：1.卡塔尔安全链的招聘和管理做法如何受到种族和性别关系的影响？2.种族和性别如何影响移民及其家庭的经历？移民社区及其家庭采取的应对策略是什么，它们如何向劳动力招聘公司的企业社会责任(CSR)和政府的劳动力管理政策提供信息？这是一个雄心勃勃和及时的研究项目，直接与代表私营军保公司和其他国际商业实体招聘的两家国际招聘和劳工管理公司合作。它比较了支持私营军事和保安公司全球业务的两个尼泊尔劳务链；正在卡塔尔招聘的安全和后勤劳务链。卡塔尔和尼泊尔都是值得研究的重要国家。卡塔尔是一个拥有大规模发展计划的海湾小国，也是即将到来的2022年世界杯的东道主。卡塔尔严重依赖外国劳动力来满足其物流和安全需求。尼泊尔是一个有200年外国移民历史的国家，将人口出口到国外工作是一项关键的经济发展战略。通过与移徙者、其家属、招聘公司、政府机构以及后勤和安保服务的“最终用户”直接合作，这项研究将全面深入地了解安保和后勤劳动力是如何构成和维持的，以及最佳做法在哪里。计划产出包括学术成果和非学术成果。学术成果是2个交叉分享知识和网络的专门研讨会，1篇手稿和3篇学术期刊论文，发表在排名靠前的同行评议期刊上。非学术成果包括1个针对外国劳工的商业和政府用户的工具包，以确定更好的审计机制；1个针对移民及其家人的工具包，以促进与哪些公司合作和通过哪些招聘机构的知情决定；1份道德招聘认证文件，将纳入卡塔尔的招标程序；3个从移民、招聘机构和政府的角度关于移民劳工的专业播客，可用作大学和商业社会营销的教学工具；1个关于移民劳工的短片，可用作移民社区和大学的教学工具。

Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) are having a profound impact on the ways in which security governance is organised globally. Taking on roles of consultancy to armed contracting these companies are altering how war and security is practiced. The economic scale of their operations is also noteworthy. These companies are apart of a multibillion dollar industry that is involved in international security operations in, for example, Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya as well as in prisons in the UK and the US. Their clients include the private commercial sector, government bodies and non government organisations. The growth of their operations is matched by a plethora of academic inquiries and journalist reports, which have demonstrated the ways in which these companies are changing security-from a state driven practice to a shared assemblage with private companies, and the associated legal and practical issues. Yet connecting PMSC to political economy of labour has been so far absent. Such a gap misses the significant ways in which these companies are changing how global labour is being organised in preparation for and support of security operations. It also misses the ways in which global South labourers are increasingly called upon to not only provide armed and unarmed security protection, but to conduct the necessary logistics roles that support such operations. This study seeks to address this empirical and theoretical gap in research on private security. It asks:1. How are the recruitment and management practices of security chains in Qatar informed by race and gender relations?2. How does race and gender shape the migrant and their families' experiences? and,3. What are the coping strategies migrant communities and their families adopt and how can they inform corporate social responsibility (CSR) in labour recruitment companies and government policies on labour management? It is an ambitious and timely research project that works directly with two international recruitment and labour management companies that recruit on behalf of PMSCs and other international commercial entities. It compares two Nepalese labour chains that support PMSCs' global operations; the security and logistics labour chains that are being recruited for work in Qatar. Qatar and Nepal are both important countries to study. Qatar, a small Gulf State with large scale development plans and the host of the upcoming 2022 World Cup, relies heavily upon foreign labour to meet its logistics and security needs. Nepal, is a country that has 200 years of foreign migration history and exporting its population for work abroad is a key economic development strategy. By working directly with the migrants, their families, the recruitment companies, government bodies and the "end users" of the logistics and security services, this study will gain a sophisticated and holistic insight into how security and logistics labour is constructed and sustained and where best practices are located. Planned outputs include both academic and nonacademic deliverables. Academic deliverables are 2 specialised workshops for cross sharing of knowledge and networking, 1 manuscript and 3 academic journal articles in top ranked peer reviewed journal. Non-academic deliverables include 1 toolkit aimed at commercial and government users of foreign labour to identify better auditing mechanisms, 1 toolkit aimed at migrants and their families to promote informed decisions in which companies to work with and which recruitment agencies to go through, 1 ethical recruitment accreditation document to be built into Qatar's tender processes, 3 professional podcasts on migrant labour from perspectives of the migrants, the recruitment agencies and government to be used as a teaching tool in universities and commercial social marketing, 1 short animation on migrant labour to be used as a teaching tool for migrant communities and in universities.