Animal Husbandry, Prescribing Practices and the Control of Veterinary Medicines and AMR in Colombia's 'Livestock Revolution'

与许多低收入和中等收入国家一样，由于国内对动物性食品的需求迅速增长，哥伦比亚的畜牧业产量急剧上升。虽然这场“牲畜革命”承诺加强粮食安全、减少贫困和改善农村生计，但它的可持续性以及对人类和环境健康的更广泛影响也存在问题。扩大畜牧业生产会对生物多样性、碳排放、水资源供应和质量产生一系列负面影响。随着全球牲畜数量的增加，抗生素和其他兽药(VM)在畜牧业中的使用也在增加。在减轻全球牲畜疾病负担和提高生产率方面发挥了重要作用，以满足全球不断增长的粮食需求，但世界卫生组织(2012)警告说，畜牧业生产中抗生素使用的规模和性质对人类和动物健康都构成了重大风险。除了通过残留污染破坏食品安全和环境质量外，抗生素在农业中的普遍使用也造成了强大的选择压力，有利于出现对用于治疗疾病的抗生素药物具有抗药性的细菌。这种抗菌素耐药性(AMR)有可能让我们回到没有有效抗生素治疗的医学黑暗时代。这项提议的目的是支持国际社会解决AMR危机的努力，并通过提高对影响VM控制和使用的行为因素的了解来支持哥伦比亚等低收入和中等收入国家的减贫，VM的控制和使用是AMR出现的主要原因。为此，它将结合访谈、观察、调查和文献分析方法来实现这些更具体的研究目标(ROS)：RO1。探索畜牧业实践及其对动物健康、农场收入、VM的使用以及两种不同牛奶生产系统(广泛、两用，即肉和奶，以及集约化和专用化，即纯牛奶)的AMR风险的影响。分析处方做法以及通过其获取、流通、管理和然后由兽医专业人员以及食品和药品市场R03进行核算的正式和非正式网络。评估哥伦比亚确保动物健康、食品安全以及适当处方和使用VMRO4的监管制度。建立更广泛的网络，支持哥伦比亚和整个拉丁美洲的行为改变干预措施，以改善对越南船民的控制和使用

In common with many low- and middle-income countries, Colombia has seen sharp rises in livestock production in response to rapidly growing domestic demand for food of animal origins. While this 'livestock revolution' promises to enhance food security, reduce poverty, and improve rural livelihoods, there are also questions about its sustainability and wider implications for human and environmental health. Expanding livestock production is associated with a host of negative impacts on biodiversity, carbon emissions, water availability and quality. As livestock numbers have risen globally, so too has the use of antibiotics and other veterinary medicines (VM) in animal husbandry. VM has been instrumental in reducing the global burden of livestock disease and delivering the productivity increases necessary to meet the rising demand for food globally, but the World Health Organization (2012) warns that the scale and nature of antibiotic usage in livestock production poses major risks to both human and animal health. As well as undermining food safety and environmental quality through residue contamination, the pervasive use of antibiotics in agriculture creates strong selective pressures favouring the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotic drugs used for treating disease. Such anti-microbial resistance (AMR) threatens to cast us back into the dark ages of medicine without effective antibiotic treatments.The aim of this proposal is to support international efforts to address the AMR crisis and support poverty alleviation in low- and middle-income countries like Colombia by improving understanding of the behavioural factors influencing the control and use of VM, which is a major contributing factor in the emergence of AMR. To that end it will combine interview, observational, survey, and documentary analysis methods to achieve these more specific research objectives (ROs): RO1. Explore animal husbandry practices and their implications for animal health, farm incomes, use of VM, and AMR risk across two different milk production systems (extensive, dual-purpose, i.e. meat and milk, and intensive & specialised, i.e. milk only) RO2. Analyse prescribing practices and the formal and informal networks through which VMs are sourced, circulate, administered and then accounted by veterinary professionals and by food and pharmaceutical markets RO3. Evaluate the regulatory systems in Colombia for ensuring animal health, food safety, and appropriate prescription and use of VMRO4. Build a wider network to support behavioural change interventions in Colombia and across Latin America for improving the control and use of VM