From coercion to consent: social identity, legitimacy, and a process model of police procedural justice (CONSIL).

合法性的概念是民主警务的核心：在民主社会中，警察必须通过公正行事、按比例使用胁迫并说服公民他们是一个有资格被服从的机构来寻求和维持公众的支持。然而，有许多高度边缘化的社区，对警察违法性、不合规、冲突和警察胁迫经历的看法是常态。程序正义理论(PJT)以公平、合法性、警民认同和规范性遵守为核心，是理解如何改善警察社区关系的有用模式。但该理论有几个方面限制了其在维持治安方面的政策相关性--即那些与警察接触最多的群体。首先，PJT的研究侧重于普通人群，但很少涉及亚人群。虽然我们对一般人如何理解和理解警务以及公平在这种理解中的作用知道得很多，但我们对一般经验如何影响到那些在与警察的互动中最具利害关系的部分知之甚少，这些人与警察的关系长期存在问题，和/或越来越成为警察战略优先事项(例如，保护、激进化、反社会行为、抗议团体)的重点。其次，对调查数据和相关分析的现有研究严重依赖，迫切需要以实验室为基础的实验来建立因果关系，并描绘将程序正义、合法性和与法律相关的行为联系起来的主观过程。第三，社会认同的性质和作用、群体间关系以及作为公平、合法和遵守的调解人的警察与公众互动的动态，这一项目将通过开发两个平行的研究方案来解决这些限制。首先，我们将使用人种学方法获得一系列警察与边缘化群体在一系列背景下互动的直接半结构化观察数据。我们将与参与这些接触的人(警察、公民、观察者)进行访谈，以解读这些接触是如何经历、处理和判断的。当发生逮捕(或其他形式的刑事司法行动)时，我们将通过在刑事司法进程中跟踪这些人，对参与这一进程的不同利益攸关方进行进一步的访谈和问卷调查，从而形成纵向数据。我们还将获得有关遭遇的性质和背景的统计数据(例如，拦截和搜索统计数据)。其次，我们将把一系列警察与公众的接触转化为一个完全身临其境的虚拟现实(VR)节目，参与者将通过耳机体验一系列实验研究。实验和人种学方面的研究都将探索以下问题：1)社会认同(S)在程序公平感知中扮演什么具体角色？2)什么语境因素塑造了人们对警察行为公平的感知，这些背景因素是如何通过互动和互动改变的？3)被边缘化/排斥的群体以不同的方式适应警察行为的公平，与警察互动的动态如何影响或破坏这种边缘化？4)警察程序正义的经历对有关个人随后的行为有什么影响？通过解决这些问题，该项目将推动我们从理论上理解警察如何在高度边缘化和难以接触到的群体中摆脱胁迫，转向基于同意的方法；理论知识将为一系列不同的利益相关者提供应用利益。

The concept of legitimacy lies at the heart of democratic policing: in a democratic society, police must seek and maintain public support by acting impartially, using coercion proportionately, and persuading the citizenry that they are an institution that is entitled to be obeyed. Yet, there are multiple highly marginalised communities for whom perceptions of police illegitimacy, non-compliance, conflict, and experiences of police coercion are the norm. With its central focus on fairness, legitimacy, identification between police and public, and normative compliance, Procedural Justice Theory (PJT) is a useful model to understand how to improve police community relations. But there are several aspects of the theory that limit its policy relevance in relation to policing marginalised groups - i.e. those with whom police have most contact.First, PJT research focuses on the general population and only infrequently on sub-populations. While we know much about how people in general understand and read policing, and the role of fairness in such understandings, we know less about how general experiences feed across to those parts of the population who have most at stake in their interactions with officers, who have long histories of problematic relations with police, and/or are increasingly the focus of police strategic priorities (e.g. safeguarding, radicalisation, anti-social behaviour, protest groups). Second, there is a heavy reliance in extant research on survey data and correlational analysis, and there is a pressing need for laboratory-based experiments to establish causal relations and delineate the subjective processes linking procedural justice, legitimacy, and law-related behaviour. Third, there is a related failure to address the nature and role of social identity, intergroup relations, and the dynamics of police-public interaction as mediators of fairness, legitimacy, and compliance.This project will address these limitations by developing two parallel programmes of research. First, we will use ethnographic methods to obtain direct semi-structured observational data of a series of police interactions with marginalised groups across a range of contexts. We will conduct interviews with the people involved in those encounters (police, 'citizen', observer) to interpret how encounters were experienced, processed, and judged. When arrests (or other forms of criminal justice action) take place, we will develop longitudinal data by tracking those individuals through the criminal justice processes, undertaking a further series of interviews and questionnaires with various stakeholders involved in that process. We will also have access to statistical data concerning the nature and context of the encounters (e.g. stop and search statistics). Second, we will translate a series of police-public encounters into a fully immersive Virtual Reality (VR) programme that participants will experience via headsets to engineer a series of experimental studies.Both experimental and ethnographic strands will explore the following questions: 1) What specific role(s) does 'social identity' play in perceptions of procedural fairness? 2) What contextual factors shape people's perceptions of the fairness of police activity and how do these change through and within interaction? 3) Are marginalized/excluded groups attuned to the fairness of police behaviour in different ways, and how do the dynamics of interaction with police officers shape or undermine this marginalisation? 4) What effect does the experience of police procedural (in)justice have on the subsequent behaviour of the individuals concerned? By addressing these questions the project will advance our theoretical understanding of the ways police can move away from coercion toward a consent-based approach among highly marginalised and 'difficult to reach' groups; theoretical knowledge that will provide applied benefit for a range of different stakeholders.