Gypsy and Traveller Experiences of Crime and Justice Since the 1960s: A Mixed Methods Study

历史记载表明，自从罗姆吉普赛人在15世纪和爱尔兰流浪者在19世纪抵达英格兰和苏格兰以来，他们就与刑事犯罪联系在一起。从那时起，吉普赛人和流浪者（G& T）就成为公众、媒体和政治想象中的犯罪掠夺者，给定居社区带来了财产犯罪、暴力、欺诈、逃税和反社会行为。然而，尽管有五个世纪的这种分类，令人惊讶的是，没有严格的证据来评估这种说法的有效性，也没有系统地评估G& T的经验。没有现有的证据来源，从自我报告的犯罪调查，档案帐户，口述历史，人种学或定性研究可以提供一个估计的G&T的犯罪模式。他们也不能告诉我们，G& T有多频繁地成为非种族动机犯罪（如袭击、入室盗窃、盗窃）或仇恨犯罪的受害者。这一点尤其令人担忧，因为全球态度调查发现，50%的英国受访者对G& T持负面看法，是对穆斯林持不利态度的比例的两倍多，穆斯林经常是仇恨犯罪的受害者。估计犯罪，mammisation和仇恨犯罪可用于其他少数民族groups.This跨学科的研究将产生第一个全面的，历史化的帐户G&T的mammisation，犯罪和刑事司法的经验，在两个城市和两个农村地区的英格兰。具体而言，它将包括：（一）由研究人员和G&T访谈员参与的犯罪调查，调查G&T因个人犯罪（如袭击、仇恨犯罪）和针对家庭/家庭的犯罪（如入室盗窃、欺诈）而被定罪的情况。它将评估对警察（包括拦截和搜查）、法院、缓刑犯和监狱的态度和接触情况。调查还将询问有关G& T使用酒精/毒品以及作为罪犯参与财产、欺诈和暴力犯罪的问题。它将调查因性别、年龄和居住地而异的自我归属的G& T（路边生活、官方/私人房车营地、未经批准的营地和私人/社会住房）; ㈡社区和囚犯口述历史，以调查个人一生中的犯罪是否与种族主义和歧视的经历有关，并探讨警察、法院、（iii）与在各种情况下从业务和战略角度参与过性别平等和技术工作的当地专业人员（如警官、受害者支助、住房官员、议员、警察和犯罪专员）进行访谈。这些活动将力求找出在正式政策中和在实地实际操作中如何理解和应对性别和技术及其生活方式，并记录在刑事司法和其他服务提供中可能需要针对哪些方面提供支助服务;及（iv）对政府及其他历史资料的档案研究，包括理事会委员会会议记录，这些方法将首次提供对犯罪和违法行为的数字估计，同时也阐明G & Ts赋予它们的意义，包括G & Ts的行为和经历中种族主义观念的位置。这项研究将提供深入了解刑事司法和其他法定机构如何在历史上处理G& T相比，当代图片。通过这种方式，它将建立一个敏感的帐户的G& T的犯罪经验，作为受害者以及罪犯，可以回应的G& T的负面定型观念，利用严格的证据。这将为政策和实践提供信息，以减少犯罪对G&T和非G &T社区所有受影响者的危害。

Historical accounts show that since the arrival in England and Scotland of Romani Gypsies in the fifteenth century, and of Irish Travellers in the nineteenth century, they have been associated with criminal offending. Since then Gypsies and Travellers (G&Ts) have become entrenched in popular, media and political imaginations as criminal predators, bringing property crime, violence, fraud, tax evasion and anti-social behaviour to settled communities. Yet despite five centuries' of such categorisation, there is surprisingly no rigorous evidence assessing the validity of such claims nor systematic assessments of G&Ts' experiences of victimisation. No existing sources of evidence from self-report offending surveys, archival accounts, oral histories, ethnographic or qualitative research can provide an estimate of G&T patterns of offending. Neither can they tell us about how frequently G&Ts are the victims of non-racially motivated crime (e.g. assault, burglary, theft) or hate crimes. This is particularly concerning given the Global Attitudes Survey found 50% of UK respondents held negative views of G&Ts, over double the proportion holding unfavourable attitudes towards Muslims, who have often been the victims of hate crimes. Estimates of offending, victimisation and hate crime are available for other minority ethnic groups.This interdisciplinary study will produce the first comprehensive, historicized account of G&T experiences of victimisation, crime and criminal justice in two urban and two rural areas of England. Specifically, it will comprise:(i) a crime survey involving researchers and G&T interviewers looking at G&T victimisation by personal crime (e.g. assault, hate crime) and crimes against the household/family (e.g. burglary, fraud). It will assess attitudes to, and contact with, the police (including stop and search), courts, probation, and prisons. The survey will also ask questions about G&Ts' use of alcohol/drugs and involvement in property, fraud, and violent offences as offenders. It will survey self-ascribing G&Ts who vary by gender, age and settlement (roadside living, official/private caravan sites, unauthorised encampments, and private/social housing);(ii) community and prisoner oral histories to investigate whether offending over individual lifetimes is linked to experiences of racism and discrimination, and to explore the effects of actions by the police, courts, probation and prisons on G&T individuals and communities; (iii) interviews with local professionals who have engaged with G&Ts in a variety of contexts, both operationally and strategically (e.g. police officers, Victim Support, housing officers, councillors, Police and Crime Commissioners). These will seek to find out the ways in which G&Ts and their lifestyles are understood and responded to in formal policies and operationally on the ground, as well as documenting where support services may need to be targeted in criminal justice and other service provision; and (iv) archival research of governmental and other publically available historical sources, including council committee meeting minutes, county surveys of G&Ts' experience of policing and local petitions against official sites.Taken together, these methods will provide, for the first time, numerical estimates of both victimisation and offending, whilst also illuminating the meaning attached to them by G&Ts, including the place of perceptions of racism in G&Ts' behaviour and experiences. The study will provide insight into how criminal justice and other statutory agencies have historically dealt with G&Ts compared with the contemporary picture. In this way it will build a sensitive account of G&Ts' experiences of crime as victims as well as offenders which can respond to the negative stereotyping of G&Ts drawing on rigorous evidence. This will inform policy and practice so as to reduce the harms of crime for all those affected, in both G&T and non-G&T communities.