ORA (Round 5)The Nature of Political Representation in Times of Dealignment

西欧选民对政党日益增长的心理疏离为拟议的研究提供了一个背景。这一趋势体现在一些具体的事态发展中，如政党认同度的下降，持续投票给同一政党的选民人数减少，以及对政党的信任度下降(道尔顿和瓦滕伯格，2000年；道尔顿，2016年；梅尔，2013年)。这些事态发展逐渐形成一种局面，即政治代表性不再是通过不同国家政党和不同国家选民联盟之间长期稳定的联系来构建的。无党派选民的崛起引发了一个紧迫的问题，即如何在未来几十年维持响应式的民主治理。由于党派之争是20世纪西欧连接公民和国家的关键机制，我们必须质疑，在没有党派之争的情况下，如何在21世纪维持顺应民心的民主政府。个人化(二元)政治代表制理论为拟议的研究提供了第二个背景。关于这一问题的概念性工作将个别议员描绘为连接公民和国家的潜在机制。它描绘了个性化的表现形式，作为欧式集体主义表现的关键替代。虽然后者理想地被认为是将国家选民联盟与国家纪律政党配对，但前者被描述为不同选民和个人代表之间的二元关系，可能会显著影响选民对民主进程的满意度(Esaiasson等人)。2017年；卡沃宁2010年；科伦塔2011年)。关于这一问题的实证工作强调了非欧洲制度的相关证据，例如美国-美国的案例，在这种情况下，个别立法者确实在很大程度上构建了代议程序，个别立法者和选民之间的直接互动是预期的和频繁的，其中大多数政治据说是地方性的(Powell 2004；Uslaner和Zittel 2006)。从这两个背景出发，这项拟议的研究提出了一个问题，即在多大程度上，二元代表为欧洲背景下的党派代表机制提供了可行的补充。

The growing psychological detachment of West European electorates from political parties provides one background of the proposed research. This trend is indicated by a number of specific developments such as decreasing levels of party identification, dwindling numbers of voters who continuously vote for one and the same party, and also decreasing trust in political parties (Dalton and Wattenberg 2000; Dalton 2016; Mair 2013). These developments progressively accumulate to a situation in which political representation is no longer structured through long-term stable attachments between distinct national political parties and distinct national coalitions of voters. The rise of non-partisan electorates raises pressing questions about ways to sustain responsive democratic governance in future decades. As partisanship was a key mechanism linking citizens and the state throughout the 20th century in Western Europe we must question how responsive democratic government be sustained in the 21st century in the absence of it.Theories of individualized (dyadic) political representation provide a second background to the proposed research. Conceptual work on this issue pictures individual MPs as a potential mechanism for connecting citizens and the state. It portrays individualized forms of representation as a key alternative to European style collectivist representation. While the latter ideally is assumed to pair national coalitions of voters with national disciplined parties, the former has been characterized as a dyadic relationship between distinct constituents and individual representatives that might significantly affect voter satisfaction with the democratic process (Esaiasson et al. 2017; Karvonen 2010; Colomer 2011). Empirical work on this issue stresses related evidence on non-European systems such as the US-American case, in which individual legislators indeed structure the representative process to significant degrees, in which direct interactions between individual legislators and constituents are expected and frequent, and in which most politics is said to be local (Powell 2004; Uslaner and Zittel 2006). Advancing from these two backgrounds, the proposed research asks about the extent to which dyadic representation provides a viable supplement to partisan mechanisms of representation in European contexts.