Local Institutions, Productivity, Sustainability and Inclusivity Trade-offs (LIPSIT)

该项目的目的是确定区域一级的体制和组织安排，这些安排往往会导致对与提高生产率相关的政策权衡进行“良好”管理，并在此基础上提出建议。这些权衡是在生产率增长、包容性和可持续性之间进行的。它们之所以出现，是因为当局的资源有限，而且必须优先考虑：最大化生产率的政策可能无法最大化包容性或可持续性，最大化包容性的政策可能无法最大化可持续性，等等。当权衡管理减少了三个目标之间的妥协需要时，或者当它帮助地区政策制定者实现他们的优先事项时，折衷管理是“好的”。建议包括：1.改变国家和地区政策制定者在当前机构和组织体系内的运作方式2.负责该系统设计的政策制定者可能会接受对该系统进行适度的修改，以及3.对这一制度进行更彻底的改变，这可能在未来被采用。如果政策制定者按照这些建议采取行动，这将导致加强机构，从而提高区域和地方生产力。最终，这将导致英国生产率记录的改善。为了实现这一点，该项目将回答以下研究问题：1.英国各地区存在什么样的相关制度和组织安排？地区经济如何比较？2.这些组织认为哪些类型的权衡很重要？他们如何管理这些权衡？3.生产率增长、包容性和可持续性之间实际上实现了什么权衡？4.现在或过去，哪些区域制度和组织安排往往会对这些权衡产生“良好的”管理？欧洲大陆有没有更好的做法？要回答这些问题需要一个五个阶段的过程：第一阶段(范围确定)：我们将捕捉如何解释生产率差异的最新技术，采访并为关键利益相关者举办两次研讨会，以完善研究议程，与更广泛的利益相关者群体接触，并根据英国地区的经济、制度和组织安排以及随着时间的推移而产生的结果制定英国地区的类型。我们将利用这一点确定八个地区进行深入比较。阶段2(二次数据分析)：我们将使用生产率、就业和其他经济、社会和环境目标的衡量标准来描述英国所有地区的概况，并检查对生产率增长的影响。我们亦会分析本地的工业和经济策略，包括服务表现目标。第三和第四阶段包括收集和分析定量和定性的数据。英国所有地区的量化分析将侧重于治理结构、机制和做法对与三个结果相关的变量的影响，采用的方法是考虑到所谓的“治疗”效果，并区分相关性和因果关系。对8个区域进行的定性分析将包括对战略声明、网络和在这些网络内开展的职能的正式分析，以及访谈。我们将确定实际实现了哪些取舍，并使用正式分析来梳理出制度安排如何影响这些选择和战略选择--以及未来可能产生影响的是什么。我们将通过对海外地区和历史案例的分析来补充这一点。阶段5包括收集前几个阶段的调查结果，与关键利益攸关方讨论这一问题，与他们一起制定一套建议，并与更广泛的利益攸关方群体进行沟通。

The aim of the project is to identify institutional and organisational arrangements at the regional level that tend to lead to the 'good' management of policy trade-offs associated with increasing productivity, and to make recommendations based on this. These trade-offs are between productivity growth, inclusivity and sustainability. They arise because authorities have limited resources and have to prioritise: policies to maximise productivity may not maximise inclusivity or sustainability, policies to maximise inclusivity may not maximise sustainability and so on. Trade-off management is 'good' when it reduces the need for compromise between the three objectives, or to the extent that compromise is necessary, when it helps regional policy makers achieve their priorities.Recommendations will cover:1. Changes to the way national and regional policy makers operate within the current system of institutions and organisations2. Modest changes to that system that policy makers responsible for the design of the system are likely to accept, and3. More radical changes to that system that could be adopted in the future. If policy makers act on these recommendations this will lead to strengthened institutions and thus to improved regional and local productivities. Ultimately this should lead to an improvement in the UK's productivity record.To achieve this the project will answer the following research questions: 1. What kinds of relevant institutional and organisational arrangements exist across the UK regions? How do the regional economies compare? 2. What kinds of trade-offs do these organisations consider important and how do they manage them?3. What trade-offs between productivity growth, inclusivity and sustainability are actually achieved?4. Which regional institutional and organisational arrangements, now or in the past, have tended to produce 'good' management of these trade-offs? Are there better practices in mainland Europe? To answer these involves a five stage process:Stage 1 (scoping): we will capture the state of the art on what explains differentials in productivity, interview and hold two workshops for key stakeholders to refine the research agenda, engage with a wider stakeholder group, and develop a typology of UK regions based on their economies, their institutional and organisational arrangements, and the outcomes over time. We will use this to identify eight regions for in depth comparison.Stage 2 (secondary data analysis): we will profile all UK regions using measures of productivity, jobs and other economic, social, and environmental targets and examine influences on productivity growth. We will also analyse local industrial and economic strategies, including performance targets.Stages 3 and 4 involve the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative analysis - of all UK regions - will focus on the impact of governance structures, mechanisms and practices on variables associated with the three outcomes, using approaches that allow for so called "treatment" effects, and to distinguish correlation from causation. The qualitative analysis - of the 8 regions - will include formal analysis of strategic statements, networks, and the functions carried out within these networks, as well as interviews. We will identify what trade-offs are actually achieved and use formal analysis to tease out how institutional arrangements have affected these and the strategic choices - and what might make a difference in the future. We will supplement this with insights from an analysis of overseas regions and historical cases. Stage 5 involves drawing together the findings of the previous stages, discussing this with key stakeholders, developing a set of recommendations with them, and communicating with a wider stakeholder group.