Energy Solidarity in Latin America: generating inclusive knowledge and governance to address energy vulnerability and energy systems resilience

虽然哥伦比亚、古巴和墨西哥报告说几乎100%用上了电，但并不是所有家庭都能获得优质能源服务，如供暖、制冷和使用家用电器。事实上，大约三分之一的墨西哥家庭无法获得足够水平的能源服务。同样，哥伦比亚每年的能源供应中断总计38小时。然而，能源服务对福祉至关重要。事实上，获得充足、可靠、负担得起的清洁能源服务是人类一系列能力的基础，如果得不到满足，就会导致能源脆弱性的情况。已实现能源服务的短缺可由各种社会技术、体制和环境因素造成，包括：基础设施不可靠或质量差；能源获取和使用方面的性别差异；能源价格高企；社会孤立；以及气候变化加剧造成的压力。这种情况的影响是广泛的，从不利的健康、福祉和社会参与结果，到有限的经济发展。这三个国家没有与电动汽车相关的官方战略，每个国家都处于解决这一问题的不同阶段。在古巴，没有关于电动汽车的研究或政策关注；在墨西哥，能源贫困正受到越来越多的政策关注，去年启动了一个试点监测观察站；哥伦比亚已将能源贫困作为国家能源计划的政策优先事项，但尚未建立衡量或缓解机制。继2019年春季与利益攸关方举行合作研讨会和面对面会议后，这个共同设计的项目(ESLatinA)回应了哥伦比亚、古巴和墨西哥对电动汽车的全面理解、证据和治理能力的迫切需求，这种方式具有包容性，并认识到社会的多样性和活力。此外，ESLatinA明确承认电动汽车与能源系统复原力之间的联系，以及促进能源团结的变革潜力，这一概念意味着能源话语的范式转变，需要承诺、共同理解和以人为本的框架。认识到电动汽车的社会和技术基础，ESLatinA召集了一个由学者、政策制定者和民间社会代表组成的多学科团队，通过一个多学科研究和行动的综合方案制定社会技术解决方案。我们的目标是为缓解电动汽车带来系统性变化，同时增强能源系统的弹性，并促进能源团结，以最大化社会福利和公平发展。这将通过广泛的研究和产出来实现，包括定制的地方和国家一级的住户调查，从参与性讲习班中产生深入的定性数据，以及为治理和法律框架提出创新的建议。我们还将建立国家监测观察站和一个泛拉丁美洲网络，并进行国家范围的能源系统脆弱性测绘和地方一级的评估建模。最终，我们将产生基于交叉知识的能力建设和社会技术解决方案，包括诊断工具包、能源知识讲习班、社区展览和定制的国家和地方行动计划；所有这些都是从以能源正义为基础的能源团结的包容性角度出发的。

Although Colombia, Cuba and Mexico report nearly 100% access to electricity, not all households are necessarily provided with good quality energy services, such as heating, cooling and use of appliances. In fact, around a third of Mexican households are unable to access an adequate level of energy services. Similarly, annual energy supply interruptions in Colombia add up to 38 hours per year. However, energy services are essential to wellbeing. Indeed, access to adequate, reliable, affordable and clean energy services underpins a range of human capabilities and when unmet, results in a situation of energy vulnerability (EV). A shortfall in realised energy services can be caused by various socio-technical, institutional and environmental factors, including: unreliable or poor quality infrastructure; gendered differences in energy access and use; high energy prices; social isolation; and stressors caused by intensifying climatic changes. The impacts of this are wide ranging, from adverse health, wellbeing, and social participation outcomes, to limited economic development. There are no official EV-related strategies in the three countries, and each one is at a different stage in addressing the issue. In Cuba there has been no research or policy attention to EV; in Mexico, energy poverty is gaining increasing policy attention and a pilot monitoring observatory was launched last year; and Colombia has recognised energy poverty as a policy priority within the National Energy Plan, but has not yet instituted mechanisms for measurement or alleviation. Following collaborative workshops and in-person meetings with stakeholders during Spring 2019, this co-designed project (ESLatinA) responds to the urgent need for comprehensive understanding, evidence and governance capacity on EV in Colombia, Cuba and Mexico, in ways that are inclusive and recognise the diverse and dynamic nature of societies. Furthermore, ESLatinA explicitly acknowledges the link between EV and energy systems resilience, and the transformative potential of fostering energy solidarity, a concept that implies a paradigm shift in energy discourse that demands commitment, shared understanding, and people-focused frameworks. In recognition of the social and technical underpinnings of EV, ESLatinA has brought together a multi-disciplinary team of academics, policymakers and civil society representatives to develop socio-technical solutions via a comprehensive programme of multidisciplinary research and action. Our aim is to bring about systemic change for EV alleviation, whilst simultaneously enhancing energy system resilience, and fostering energy solidarity, as to maximise social welfare and equitable development. This will be achieved through wide ranging research and outputs, including bespoke local and national-level household surveys, generating in-depth qualitative data from participatory workshops, and producing innovative proposals for governance and legal frameworks. We will also establish national monitoring Observatories and a pan-Latin American network, and undertake national-scale energy systems vulnerability mapping and local-level assessment modelling. In culmination, we will produce cross-cutting knowledge based capacity-building and socio-technical solutions, including a diagnosis toolkit, energy literacy workshops, community exhibits, and bespoke National and Local Action Plans; all this from the inclusive perspective of energy solidarity, which is anchored on energy justice.