Towards Trajectories of Inclusion: Making infrastructure work for the most marginalised

预计到2050年，全球人口增长的大部分将发生在非洲和亚洲的城市。国际协议，如联合国人居署的《新城市议程》和可持续发展目标，试图确保这种增长尽可能具有包容性，然而城市是出了名的不平等之地。我们之前由gcrf资助的研究（“未知的城市”）强调了确保最边缘城市居民的住房使用权的压倒性重要性。被驱逐的可能性严重影响着城市贫民的日常生活和福祉。这个项目建立在那项工作的基础上。国家决定将基础设施扩展到“离网”定居点，这既决定了使用权的安全，也决定了使用权的安全。扩大基础设施建设可以成为住房安全合法化轨迹的一部分，但也可以通过产生新的排斥因素来扭转某些人的轨迹。该项目旨在为这种复杂性带来更大的清晰度，并确定为最边缘化的基础设施启动“包容轨迹”的方式。该项目被设计为行动研究，其最终目标是对边缘化城市社区进行支持干预，目的是围绕这些城市贫困居民的包容轨迹实施研究结果。在项目期间将仔细评估这种干预措施的效果，并将结果广泛传播。研究建立在未知城市项目的基础上，与同样的合作伙伴在同一个城市工作，现在已经建立了成功的合作关系。该项目将侧重于每个城市该项目的两个站点，以便开发更长期的数据集，但它在每个国家引入了四个新的社区，并开发了非常不同的方法，包括干预的中心目标。研究将在三个国家进行：孟加拉国、斯里兰卡和津巴布韦，以及索马里独立但未得到承认的北部地区索马里兰。这四个国家的城市环境对比鲜明，充满活力。大多数研究将分别在首都达卡、科伦坡、哈拉雷和哈尔格萨进行。这四个城市都在迅速扩张，是主要城市重建方案的主题。该项目涉及每个城市的核心合作伙伴学术组织，他们参与研究和评估这些重建计划。除了先前研究中涉及的两个社区外，研究还将扩展到首都的另外两个对比性社区和一个二级城市的另外两个社区，以突出首都的规划方法是否不同寻常。这四个国家中每个国家的六个社区的选择是第一阶段研究的地点。包括焦点小组讨论、大规模调查和深度访谈在内的各种技术将被用于绘制五个关键基础设施网格（水、卫生、能源、交通和通信）的使用情况。这将形成对这些服务的不同获取模式的详细描述，以及“离网”和“入网”之间的广泛差异。第二阶段的研究将超越这些社区，跟踪网格。在每个国家，将确定两个这样的基础设施，一种称为“提供系统”的方法将绘制网格，确定负责提供每种服务的关键个人。这将解释在第一阶段研究中确定的不同获取模式。这两个研究阶段将导致并通知支持干预的最后阶段，以提高可及性，这将与每个城市的基层组织一起进行。该项目将与当地政府、非政府组织和基础设施公司合作，旨在展示这些干预措施的潜力，并传达关注包容轨迹的必要性。

The bulk of global population growth until 2050 is projected to occur in cities in Africa and Asia. International agreements, such as UN Habitat's New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals seek to ensure that this growth in as inclusive as possible, yet cities are notoriously unequal places. Our previous GCRF-funded research ('The Unknown City') highlighted the overwhelming significance of securing housing tenure for the most marginal urban residents. The possibility of eviction hangs heavily over everyday life and wellbeing for the urban poor. This project builds on that work. Security of tenure both shapes and is shaped by state decisions to extend infrastructure to 'off grid' settlements. Extending infrastructure can be part of legalising trajectories towards housing security, but can also reverse such trajectories for some by producing new exclusions. This project seeks to bring greater clarity to this complexity and identify ways in which infrastructure for the most marginalised can initiate 'trajectories of inclusion'. The project is designed as action research in which the ultimate goal is a supported intervention in marginalised urban neighbourhood with the aim of implementing findings around these trajectories of inclusion for poor urban residents. The effects of this intervention will be carefully evaluated during the project and the results will be widely communicated. Research builds on the Unknown City project, working in the same cities with the same partners with whom successful collaborations are now well established. The project will focus on two sites from that project in each city in order to develop longer term data sets but it introduces four new neighbourhoods in each country and develops very different approaches, including the central objective of the intervention. Research will be conducted in three countries: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe and the independent but unrecognised northern region of Somalia, Somaliland. These four countries have extremely dynamic by highly contrasting urban environments. Most research will be conducted in the capital cities, respectively, Dhaka, Colombo, Harare and Hargeisa. All four cities are expanding rapidly and are the subject of major urban redevelopment programmes. The project involves core partner academic organisations in each city engaged in research and evaluation of these redevelopment programmes. In addition to two neighbourhoods involved in previous research, research will expand to two additional contrasting neighbourhoods in the capital and two further neighbourhoods in a secondary city in order to highlight if the capitals are unusual in their planning approaches. This selection of six neighbourhoods in each of these four countries are the location for the first stage of research. A variety of techniques including focus group discussions, a large survey and in-depth interviews will be employed to map access to five key infrastructure grids - water, sanitation, energy, transport and communications. This will form a detailed picture of patterns of differential access to these services and the wide variation between 'off-grid' and 'on-grid'. The second stage of research will move beyond these neighbourhoods to follow the grids. In each country, two of these infrastructures will be identified and an approach known as 'Systems of Provision' will map the grid, identifying key individuals responsible for delivery of each service. This will explain the differential patterns of access identified in the first stage of research. These two research stages will lead to and inform the final stage of the supported intervention to enhance accesswhich will be carried out in conjunction with grassroots organisations in each city. The project will engage with local government, NGOs and infrastructure companies throughout with the aim of demonstrating the potential of these interventions and communicate the need to focus on trajectories of inclusion.