Muslim-Jewish encounter, diversity & distance in urban Europe: religion, culture and social model (ENCOUNTERS)

这项建议是为了研究以欧洲城市中的犹太人和穆斯林为例的文化间、种族间和宗教间的接触。这两个群体中欧洲人口最多的是法国、德国和英国，它们绝大多数都是城市人口，集中在同一个城市，而且引人注目的是，往往是在同一个社区，这些国家表面上遵循不同的国家模式来构建多数人与少数人的关系，为比较研究在欧洲城市中共同生活的可能性创造了理想的条件。尽管学术证据表明，在更广泛的社会中，对犹太人和穆斯林的负面态度是相互关联的，但在本世纪的公共话语中，他们之间的敌对情绪日益加剧，这与中东地区的事件（包括棘手的以色列/巴勒斯坦冲突）以及伊斯兰恐怖主义的兴起和随之而来的反恐战争有关。例如，评论家指出穆斯林是反犹太主义的主要肇事者。然而，民族志研究表明，城市社区的关系往往更为复杂：日常的商业交流、音乐和艺术场景中的文化交流、自发的和制度化的跨宗教活动、对早期（真实的或想象的）欢乐时期的怀旧尝试、以及街头的陈腐接触，这些都是这些关系可以采取的许多形式（但不一定是冲突的）。为了解决缺乏实证和概念研究的问题，我们将把大量的定量态度数据与深度的定性（社区媒体的民族志和话语分析）研究结合起来。为此，我们的跨国合作将探索各国之间的特殊性和共性，这些特殊性和共性是由不同的国家历史和融合哲学以及宗教在社会和政治生活中所处位置的不同传统所塑造的，也是由国家政策的地方差异所塑造的，以更好地理解不同类型的积极、中立和消极关系是如何产生的。在国家范围内，这包括对各种移民和殖民历史的考察，以及通常归因于欧洲国家的经典模式——英国的“多元主义”，法国的“共和主义”，德国的“联邦制”，每一个都涉及到忏悔生活和公共生活之间以及国家和种族身份之间的不同解决方案。然而，从国家层面放大到地方层面，情况可能截然不同。因此，该项目将以具体的城市地点为基础：每个国家的两个城市区域，拥有不同的人口，包括重要的犹太人和穆斯林人口或历史，独特的定居模式和独特的城市治理方法。我们建议在欧洲六所领先的研究型大学之间开展跨学科合作，包括社会学家、人类学家、城市学家和移民政策专家，并有成熟的合作历史。该项目的方法论核心将是在潜在的穆斯林-犹太人相遇的地区进行密集、细致的参与性观察，结合对态度的定量分析和对现场公共话语的话语分析。该项目将促进跨学科和社会利益相关者之间的对话，利用城市及其社区的当地城市知识和技能。我们以互补的学术专长为基础-城市和后殖民研究（英国），定量数据，媒体话语分析和宗教间研究（法国）以及多样性/多元化的策展和管理（德国）。公众参与对这项研究也至关重要，因为学术研究有可能解决穆斯林和犹太社区利益相关者之间的隔阂，而且迫切需要促进更好的关系。

This proposal is for a study of intercultural, interethnic and interreligious encounters as exemplified by Jews and Muslims in urban Europe. The largest European populations of these two groups - overwhelmingly urban, concentrated in the same cities, and, strikingly, often in the same neighbourhoods - are in France, Germany and the UK, countries which on the face of it have followed different national models of framing majority-minority relations, creating ideal conditions for a comparative study of the possibilities of living together in urban Europe.Although the academic evidence indicates negative attitudes to Jews and to Muslims correlate with each other in wider society, in the current century public discourse has instead emphasised growing antagonism between them, relating to events in the Middle East (including the intractable Israel/Palestine conflict) and to the rise of Islamist terror and consequent war on terror. For example, commentators have pointed to Muslims as key perpetrators of antisemitism. Ethnographic research, however, suggests that relations in urban neighbourhoods are often more complex: everyday commercial exchange, cultural traffic within music and arts scenes, both spontaneous and institutionalised interfaith initiatives, nostalgic attempts to retrieve earlier (real or imagined) periods of conviviality, and banal contact in the street are among the many - but not necessarily conflictual - forms these relations can take.To address the lack of both empirical and conceptual research dedicated to comparative study of these two minorities, we will bring together a breadth of quantitative attitudinal data with a depth of qualitative (ethnographic and discourse analysis of community media) research. To do this our transnational collaboration will explore the specificities of and commonalities between the countries, shaped by different national histories and philosophies of integration and different traditions around the place of religion in social and political life, but also by local variations on national policies, to better understand how different types of positive, neutral and negative relations might arise.At the national scale, this includes an examination of the varied migration and colonial histories, and of the classical models often attributed to European countries-British "pluralism", French "republicanism", German "federalism", each involving a different settlement between confessional life and public life and between national and ethnic identities. However, the picture can look radically different zooming in from the national to the local level. Thus the project will be grounded in specific urban sites: two city-regions in each country, with diverse populations, including significant Jewish and Muslim populations or histories, distinctive patterns of settlement, and distinctive approaches to urban governance.We propose an interdisciplinary collaboration across six leading European research universities, involving sociologists, anthropologists, urbanists and migration policy experts, with a proven history of collaboration. The core of the project methodologically will be intensive, granular participative observation in areas of potential Muslim-Jewish encounter, combined with quantitative analysis of attitudes and discourse analysis of public discourse in the sites. The project will foster dialogue across academic disciplines and with societal stakeholders, drawing on local urban knowledges and skills from the cities and their neighbourhoods. We build on complementary academic expertise - urban and postcolonial studies (Britain), quantitative data, media discourse analysis and interfaith studies (France) and the curation and management of diversity/pluralism (Germany). Public engagement is vital to the research too, given scholarship's potential to address the silo working among Muslim and Jewish community stakeholders, and the urgent need to foster better relations.