Forging new families in contemporary contexts: Exploring interpersonal relationships, power and abuses of power within online sperm donation

《世界人权宣言》将家庭描述为“社会的基本单位”，1969年，联合国建议“各国政府应作为紧急事项，普遍提供信息、教育和手段，以帮助夫妇和个人达到他们所希望的子女数量”。然而，许多人需要精子捐赠者的帮助来开始或建立他们的家庭，即使是现在，他们在NHS或私人诊所接受这种帮助也有很多障碍。因此，许多人都在网上寻找精子捐赠者。不幸的是，他们几乎没有关于在线精子捐赠涉及的信息，以及它如何改变他们的生活变得更好-或者，可能是更糟。例如，在媒体上，有一些男性在网上精子捐赠网站注册，然后虐待寻找精子的女性的故事。关系是网上精子捐赠的核心，所以我们的项目从那里开始。在寻找精子的人和捐赠精子的人之间，以及这些人和他们的生活伴侣（如果他们有一个）之间存在关系。也有许多人之间的关系谁参加在线精子捐赠网站，这些人和谁拥有的网站的人。有时，这些关系很好;有时，他们不。这个项目的第一个目的是看看人们如何体验这些关系，谁被定位为强大的，以及正在发生的任何虐待。在这个项目的第一部分，我们将通过与想要精子的人和希望捐赠精子的人交谈来研究这些关系。我们将在两年内与他们交谈三次，从他们在网上寻找精子或捐赠精子开始。在这两年里，我们还将与这些人的生活伴侣交谈，以及他们找到的给他们精子的人或他们捐赠精子的人。在项目的第二部分，我们将研究参与在线精子捐赠网站的许多人之间的关系，以及这些人与网站所有者之间的关系。我们将以研究者的身份加入在线网站，在一年的时间里跟踪人们如何互动和对待彼此，并与网站的所有者交谈。这项研究将增加每个人对我们社会中三个重要主题的理解：暴力，健康和互联网。对于暴力，它将使人们更加了解在网上寻找精子的女性（可能还有其他人）是如何被虐待的，他们需要什么样的支持，以及我们如何阻止这种虐待的发生。对于健康，它将有助于决定NHS诊所是否应该有更多的资金用于精子捐赠以及谁可以获得它，以及政府是否应该规范在线精子捐赠。对于互联网，它将帮助人们讨论互联网如何影响我们的生活，以及我们在网上需要什么安全和支持，询问参与网上精子捐赠的人他们认为网上精子捐赠需要改变什么将是至关重要的（eidogg，公共意识、政策、法律、支助服务）。因此，该项目的第二个目的是找出参与在线精子捐赠的人认为在线精子捐赠的“理想未来”是什么，并与他们合作做出这些改变。在项目的第三部分，我们将举办研讨会，使用漫画和绘画分享研究结果，并共同确定在线精子捐赠需要改变什么，计划和开展导致这种变化的活动，并记录发生的变化。在整个项目期间，我们还将与参与在线精子捐赠的人员，研究人员，从事虐待，健康和互联网安全工作的专业人员，制定政策和法律的人员以及公众分享我们的发现，以帮助实现变革。

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights describes the family as the "fundamental unit of society", and in 1969, the United Nations recommended that "governments should, as a matter of urgency, make universally available information, education and the means to assist couples and individuals to achieve their desired number of children". However, many people need help from a sperm donor to start or build their family, and even now, there are lots of barriers to them receiving this help at an NHS or private clinic. So, instead, many people are looking for a sperm donor online. Unfortunately, there is very little information available to them about what online sperm donation involves and how it might change their lives for the better - or, possibly, for the worse. In the media, for example, there have been stories of men registering with online sperm donation sites and then being abusive to women who are looking for sperm.Relationships are at the heart of online sperm donation so our project starts there. There are the relationships between the person looking for sperm and the person who donates the sperm, and between these people and their life partner (if they have one). There are also the relationships between the many people who take part in the online sperm donation websites, and between these people and the person who owns the website. Sometimes, these relationships go well; sometimes, they do not. The first aim of this project is to look at how people experience these relationships, who is being positioned as powerful, and any abuse that is happening. In the first part of the project, the main way that we will look at these relationships is by talking with people who want sperm and people who are looking to donate sperm. We will talk with them three times over two years, starting with their online search to find sperm or donate sperm. Over the two years, we will also talk to these people's life partner, and the person they find who gives them the sperm or who they donate their sperm to. In the second part of the project, we will look at the relationships between the many people who take part in online sperm donation websites, and between these people and the person who owns the website. The main ways we will look at this is by joining the online websites as a researcher and following how people interact with and treat each other over one year, and by talking with the people who own the websites.The research will increase everyone's understanding of three important topics in our society: violence, health, and the internet. For violence, it will make people more aware of how women looking for sperm online (and possibly other people, too) are being abused, what support they need, and how we can stop this abuse from happening. For health, it will help decide whether NHS clinics should have more funding for sperm donation and who can access it, and whether the government should regulate online sperm donation. For the internet, it will help people discuss how the internet affects our lives and what safety and support we need online.It will be essential to ask the people involved in online sperm donation what they think needs to change in online sperm donation (e.g., public awareness, policies, laws, support services). So, the second aim of the project is to find out what people involved in online sperm donation think is the 'ideal future' for online sperm donation and work with them to make these changes. In the third part of the project, we will run workshops to share the research findings using comics and drawings, and together, work out what needs to change in online sperm donation, plan and do activities that will lead to this change, and log what changes happen. During the whole project, we will also share our findings with people involved in online sperm donation, researchers, professionals working in abuse, health, and internet safety, people who make policies and laws, and the public, to help effect change.