Ideology, housing and land value capture: Uncovering the politics of development land value

研究背景我们正在经历一个以危机为标志的时代，主导思想正受到挑战。气候危机、新冠肺炎危机、全球金融危机的持续影响、房地产危机--这些相互关联的问题引发的政治破裂和辩论--似乎正在打破过去40年来坚持的自由派思想共识。其中一个特别明显的范畴是土地--特别是土地所有权和土地价值的所有权问题。谁应该拥有土地，谁应该拥有与土地相关的价值，一直是高度政治性的问题。随着负担得起的住房供应危机在政策议程上变得更加重要，这一点在过去十年中变得更加明显。这是因为支持新住房开发所需的新的负担得起的住房和基础设施的资金部分来自土地价值的增加。与此相关的政策领域被称为“土地价值获取”或“改善”政策。因此，住房危机给政府带来了巨大的压力，要求政府在住房供应、住房负担能力和土地价值问题上采取措施。这正促使英国的政策制定者和政界人士考虑潜在的激进想法。其中一些想法是由对土地政策感兴趣的智囊团和竞选行业提供的--这些想法现在越来越多地在非专业媒体上被报道。因此，我们正在经历一个非常有潜力重新思考有关土地所有权和土地价值分配以及这些价值被用来支付什么的基本问题的时刻。传统上，这是一个技术性和专业性的政策领域，但由于当前各种危机的政治特征，地价政策现在成为主流政治辩论的一部分。这正在改变土地和住房的政治。目的和目的本研究的目的是在历史背景下分析和理解当代英国关于土地价值的辩论的政治。这将有助于理解推动和制约国家土地价值获取和增值政策变化的力量，以便我们更好地了解未来可能接受什么样的解决方案。为了实现这一点，研究试图发展一个清晰和系统的理解：-国家土地价值获取和增值政策是如何被过去的政治塑造的；-如何以及为什么在20世纪80年代至21世纪初，关于土地价值获取的政治辩论相对沉默；-为什么这一政策领域最近重新回到现场政治辩论中；以及--当代关于土地财富以及国家对土地价值所有权的干预以造福社会的辩论的政治性质。潜在的应用和好处该项目将开发一种方法，将用于分析政治意识形态的政治理论应用于政策变化的分析。它将把潜在的政治理论概念公开化，这些概念是关于土地增值的所有权和分配的辩论的核心。土地价值获取和改良政策的重要性和潜在的社会效益将通过博客帖子和非专家政策简报会向非专家公众传播。通过将专家网络聚集在一起讨论土地价值获取的政治问题，将建立一个专家社区，随后可以推动这一研究议程。该项目将提供有关英格兰国家决策过程的最新数据和见解，这将对希望影响有关土地的辩论和国家政策方向的政策专家有所帮助。

Research ContextWe are living through an era marked by crises through which dominant ideas are being challenged. The climate crisis, the Covid-19 crisis, the ongoing effects of the Global Financial Crisis, the housing crisis - the political ruptures and debates engendered by these connected issues appear to be fracturing a consensus of liberal ideas that has held for the last 40 years. One area in which this is particularly evident is land - specifically the issue of land ownership and the ownership of land value.Who should own land and who should own the value associated with land have always been highly political questions. This has become even more evident over the last decade as the crisis in supply of affordable housing has assumed greater importance on the policy agenda. This is because it is partly from land value increases that new affordable housing and the infrastructure required to support new housing development is funded. The policy area related to this is called 'land value capture' or 'betterment' policy.The housing crisis has therefore put significant pressure on governments to do something about the problem of housing supply, housing affordability and land values. This is currently prompting policymakers and politicians in England to consider potentially radical ideas. Some of these ideas are being supplied by the think tank and campaign industries that have an interest in land policy - and these ideas are now being increasingly reported in the non-specialist press.We are therefore living through a moment where there is significant potential for a rethink of fundamental questions concerning land ownership and the distribution of land values and what these values are used to pay for. This has traditionally been a technical and specialist policy area but thanks to the politics of the various crises that characterise the current moment, land value policy is now part of mainstream political debate. This is changing the politics of land and housing.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of the research is to analyse and understand the politics of contemporary debates concerning land values in England in their historical context. This will aid understanding of the forces that drive and constrain change in national land value capture and betterment policy so that we can better understand what kinds of solutions might be acceptable in the future.To achieve this the research seeks to develop a clear and systematic understanding of:- how national land value capture and betterment policy has been shaped by the politics of the past;- how and why political debate concerning land value capture was relatively silent in the 1980s to early 2000s;- why this area of policy has recently returned to live political debate; and- the nature of the politics of contemporary debates concerning wealth held in land and the intervention of the state in the ownership of land value for the benefit of society. Potential Applications and BenefitsThe project will develop a methodology for applying political theories for the analysis of political ideologies to analyses of policy change. It will bring into the open the latent political theoretical concepts which are core to debates about the ownership and distribution of increases in land value. The importance and potential societal benefits of land value capture and betterment policy will be disseminated to the non-expert public via blog posts and non-specialist policy briefings. By bringing together a network of specialists to discuss the politics of land value capture, a community of experts will be established which can subsequently push this research agenda forward. The project will provide up-to-date data and insights regarding the national policymaking process in England which will be of use to policy experts who wish to influence debate and the direction of national policy regarding land.