Understanding the Intersections between Care Experience and Ethnicity in Criminal Justice Involvement

目前，政府不知道有多少被照顾的儿童（例如，生活在寄养或儿童之家的儿童）被卷入青年司法系统，也不知道这些儿童中有多少被关押在青年监护下（见Hunter, 2019; Laming, 2016）。它不知道有多少有护理经验的人陷入刑事司法介入和监禁（见Fitzpatrick et al. 2019）。没有数据概述了参与司法的经历过护理的个人的种族。由ADR UK资助的新的MoJ/DfE关联的行政数据集将首次使分析种族、护理经验和刑事司法参与之间的交叉点成为可能。该奖学金将直接建立在我的博士研究的基础上，即在英格兰和威尔士的青年司法系统中，被照顾的儿童和黑人、亚洲人和少数民族（BAME）儿童的比例过高。这项研究利用了官方统计数据，并对青年司法和儿童服务专家进行了27次深入访谈。主要是，研究表明，与种族和被照顾地位有关的现有不平等加剧了，BAME照顾儿童的情况更加不利（Hunter, 2019）。然而，该论文发现，由于官方数据不足，在青少年司法参与中，种族和被照顾地位之间的交集仍有很多未知之处。研究证据表明，护理系统的失败既会增加与司法系统接触的风险，也会增加通过司法系统影响途径的风险（见Hunter， 2019年）。证据还指出，与严重程度相反，事件的频率对被照顾儿童的刑事司法干预影响最大（见Shaw， 2014年）。新的关联数据集意味着现在可以探索有护理经验的个体的犯罪开始时间和犯罪频率，以及种族的作用。此外，有关护理历史的信息意味着我们可以探索各种经历对刑事司法结果的影响。研究表明，进入护理中心的年龄和多次安置可能会影响犯罪行为（如Baskin & Sommers, 2011; Darker, Ward & Caulfield, 2008; johnson - reid & Barth, 2000）。然而，没有研究考虑到护理经历的某些特征如何影响不同种族群体的刑事司法结果。《拉明评论》估计，44%的在押儿童来自少数民族背景（PRT, 2016: 65）。国际研究还表明，种族与参与护理和司法系统之间存在关系，值得进一步调查。来自美国和澳大利亚的研究表明，少数族裔儿童的青少年司法参与率更高（例如，参见Dollan et al. 2013; Goodkind et al. 2012; Ryan, Testa & Zhai, 2008; Stewart et al. 2008），并且比他们的白人同龄人得到更严厉的结果（Herz, Ryan & Bilchik, 2010）。这项研究的目的是解决关于种族和犯罪和青少年/成人刑事司法参与之间的交叉点的知识差距。它将利用新的关联的司法部/DfE数据来调查有护理经验的个人及其种族群体的犯罪发生和频率。它将探讨各种护理系统经验（如安置数量）对刑事司法结果的影响，以及这是否因种族群体而异。在这样做的过程中，它将产生有利于专业人员和政策制定者的发现，最重要的是，BAME照顾有经验的个人。

Currently, the government does not know how many of its looked after children (for example, children who have lived in foster care or children's homes) become involved with the youth justice system, or how many of those children reside in youth custody (see Hunter, 2019; Laming, 2016). It does not know how many care experienced individuals fall into criminal justice involvement and imprisonment (see Fitzpatrick et al. 2019). There is no data which outlines the ethnicity of care experienced individuals who become justice involved. The new MoJ/DfE linked administrative datasets funded by ADR UK will make it possible to analyse the intersections between ethnicity, care experience, and criminal justice involvement for the first time.This Fellowship will directly build upon my PhD research on the over-representation of looked after children and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) children in the youth justice system in England and Wales. The research utilised official statistics and 27 in-depth interviews with youth justice and children's services experts. Principally, the research indicated that existing inequalities in relation to ethnicity and looked after status have intensified and that BAME looked after children experience compounded disadvantage (Hunter, 2019). However, the thesis found that much is still unknown about the intersections between ethnicity and looked after status in youth justice involvement, largely as a result of insufficient official data. The research evidence suggests that failings in the care system can both increase the risk of justice system contact and influence routes through the justice system (see Hunter, 2019). Evidence also points to frequency of incidents, as opposed to seriousness, having the greatest impact on criminal justice interventions for looked after children (see Shaw, 2014). The new linked datasets mean that it is now possible to explore when offending began and frequency of offending for care experienced individuals, as well as the role of ethnicity. Furthermore, information about care histories means that we can explore the effect of various experiences on criminal justice outcomes. Research suggests that age entering care and multiple placements may influence offending (e.g. Baskin & Sommers, 2011; Darker, Ward & Caulfield, 2008; Jonson-Reid & Barth, 2000). However, no study has considered how certain features of care experience might impact upon criminal justice outcomes for different ethnic groups. The Laming Review estimated that 44 percent of all looked after children in custody come from an ethnic minority background (PRT, 2016: 65). The international research also suggests that there is a relationship between ethnicity and involvement in systems of care and justice, which warrants further investigation. Studies from the USA and Australia suggest that minority ethnic children in care have higher rates of youth justice involvement (see for example, Dollan et al. 2013; Goodkind et al., 2012; Ryan, Testa & Zhai, 2008; Stewart et al. 2008) and receive harsher outcomes than their white peers (Herz, Ryan & Bilchik, 2010). The research aims to address gaps in knowledge with regards to the intersections between ethnicity and looked after status in offending and youth/adult criminal justice involvement. It will utilise new linked MoJ/DfE data to investigate the onset and frequency of offending of care experienced individuals and their ethnic group. It will explore the impact of various care system experiences (such as number of placements) on criminal justice outcomes, and whether this varies by ethnic group. In doing so, it will produce findings which will benefit professionals and policymakers and most importantly, BAME care experienced individuals.