Innovation and Complentary Capabilities for Vaccines

英国已经启动了大流行防备伙伴关系，该伙伴关系将向七国集团轮值主席国提供建议，如何通过更大的全球合作来更快地开发疫苗。将投资1600万GB支持新变种特异性疫苗的开发。但是，如何才能最好地投资这些资金，以达到最大的影响呢？供应链中的主要能力瓶颈在哪里？或者更广泛地说：应该在哪里投资，以提高全球体系快速应对这场危机和其他全球危机的能力？这一研究项目通过调查最近在新冠肺炎疫苗方面的经验，重点关注一组特定的公司、研究机构和拥有独特能力水平以及监管、文化和商业背景的国家--日本、英国、德国、印度、巴西、阿根廷、越南和印度尼西亚--来帮助理解这些问题。特别是，我们研究了公司和监管层面上不同类型的能力之间的对接和错配，这对将新疫苗推向市场至关重要。我们捕获了三种能力：创新、制造和“互补的市场赋能”(即政治、监管以及管理临床试验和知识产权所需的能力)，并研究了这些不同能力的互补性和共同进化，这些能力促成(或阻止)了新冠肺炎疫苗的市场引入。我们采用跨学科、混合的设计方法。虽然我们的主要关注点是新冠肺炎疫苗，但我们的部分实证分析将扩展到这一特定细分市场之外，包括与其他疫苗以及制药和药用化学品等密切相关行业相关的证据。我们的方法通过对选定公司以及国家和国际监管机构中的关键利益相关者进行特定背景的有针对性的访谈，将探索性的定量实证分析和定性评估结合在一起。新冠肺炎大流行见证了政治(游说)活动的前所未有的增加，一些行为者凭借经验丰富和资金雄厚的代表享有明显的准入优势。然而，有足够能力开发或调整疫苗的公司和研究机构的特点也是采取相关的政治和其他市场扶持战略的能力不同。我们的实证分析将捕捉到这种异质性，并将其与生产和创新能力的研究结合起来。通过这种方法，我们不仅将有助于理解当前的情况，而且还将确定主要的机会、挑战和瓶颈，以便在应对全球卫生危机所需的不同类型的能力之间实现积极的共同发展。

The UK has launched the Pandemic Preparedness Partnership which will advise the G7 Presidency how to more quickly develop vaccines through greater global cooperation. £16 million will be invested to support the development of new variant-specific vaccines. But, how can these funds be best invested to reach maximum impact? Where are the main capability bottlenecks in the supply chain? Or more generally: where to invest to improve the capacity of the global system to respond quickly to this and other global crises?This research project contributes to understanding these questions by investigating the recent experience with COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on a specific group of firms, research institutions and countries with distinctive levels of capabilities and regulatory, cultural and business contexts - Japan, the UK, Germany, India, Brazil, Argentina, Vietnam, and Indonesia. In particular, we study the alignments and misalignments between the different kinds of capabilities, at the firm and regulatory level, that have been critical for introducing the new vaccines to the market. We capture three kinds of capabilities: innovation, manufacturing and "complementary market enabling" (i.e. political, regulatory, and those required to manage clinical trials and intellectual property rights), and examine the complementarities and co-evolution of these different capabilities that have enabled (or blocked) the market introduction of the COVID-19 vaccines. We adopt an interdisciplinary and mixed methods design. While our main focus is on COVID-19 vaccines, part of our empirical analysis will extend beyond this particular segment to include evidence related to other vaccines and to closely related sectors like pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemical products. Our approach combines exploratory quantitative empirical analysis and qualitative assessments through context-specific targeted interviews with key stakeholders in selected firms and national and international regulatory institutions.The COVID-19 pandemic saw an unprecedented increase in political (lobbying) activities, with some actors enjoying clear access advantages with experienced and well-funded representatives. However, firms and research institutions with sufficient capabilities to develop or adapt vaccines are also characterised by heterogeneity in the ability to undertake the linked political and other market-enabling strategies. Our empirical analysis will capture this heterogeneity and combine it with the study of production and innovation capabilities. With this approach, we will contribute not only to understanding the current scenario but also identify the main opportunities, challenges and bottlenecks for a positive co-evolution between the different types of capabilities required for addressing global health crises.