Debordering Europe through the 2022 Ukrainian Refugee Crisis: Analysis of Responses in the UK, Poland and Romania

俄罗斯于2022年入侵乌克兰，并导致数百万人背井离乡，迁往欧洲其他国家，这引起了公众、公民社会行为者和政策制定者的一系列反应。这些应对措施采取了一系列“解除秩序”的程序和做法，其中包括消除前往欧洲各国和在欧洲各国定居的障碍。该奖学金的目的将是通过对三个不同的欧洲国家--英国、波兰和罗马尼亚--进行多标度分析，以比较的视角看待这些广泛的变化。欧盟既是一个消除边界的项目，也是一个重新划分边界的项目，它消除了某些居民流动和定居的障碍，同时加强了其边缘的边界，并导致成员国内部对其他居民的内部控制和限制增加。欧盟扩大，将波兰(2004年)和罗马尼亚(2007年)包括在内，使英国无法成为波兰和罗马尼亚公民生活和工作的地方，但也通过限制进入劳动力市场和国家支持，导致英国国内边境制度的变化。随后，为应对来自世界其他地方的难民流动，欧洲各地的边界和移民制度也发生了进一步的变化。在2016年公投前围绕英国退出欧盟的辩论中，扰乱秩序和数十万人从欧盟新成员国移民到英国的后果，以及欧盟对难民流动的回应，构成了一个关键焦点。英国随后退出欧盟导致了国家边界程序和做法的进一步变化，主要是通过引入《国籍和边境法》(2022年)。但在2022年2月俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，乌克兰人的流离失所从根本上改变了与英国边境制度和强迫移民有关的辩论和政策制定的背景，也改变了欧盟及其成员国的辩论和政策制定。我们迫切需要深入分析这些回应是什么，以及它们在英国与欧盟和世界其他地区的定位和地缘政治关系方面意味着什么。这种知识不能仅仅基于对精英决策和话语的分析，而是需要一种方法，将这些多重尺度结合起来，包括民间社会行为者和社区，在那里，人们一直在共同努力，以确保乌克兰人的生命安全。在这次奖学金期间，研究员将根据来自一系列来源的二手和初级数据进行这种分析。这将包括对波兰、罗马尼亚和英国的收容家庭和乌克兰寄宿家庭居民的调查和重点小组，采访所有这三个国家的民间社会组织的决策者和政策制定者，以及围绕政府应对流离失所问题的政策、议会辩论和媒体话语进行深入分析。这一复杂、多层面的办法将使我们能够详细了解所有这些行为者在入侵期间和之后形成边界进程和做法方面的相互作用。

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and the related displacement of millions of people from their homes to other countries in Europe has elicited a range of responses from publics, civil society actors and policy-makers. Such responses have engaged a range of 'debordering' processes and practices, which have involved the removal of barriers to travel to and settle in countries across Europe. The purpose of this fellowship will be to place these wide-ranging changes in comparative perspective through a multiscalar analysis of three different European countries - the UK, Poland and Romania. The European Union has been both a de- and rebordering project, which has removed barriers to movement and settlement for certain residents whilst strengthening borders at its margins and eliciting a growth in internalised controls and restrictions on other residents within member states. The enlargement of the European Union to include Poland (in 2004) and Romania (in 2007) debordered the UK as a place to live and work for Polish and Romanian citizens, but also led to changes in the UK's internalised border regime through restrictions on access to the labour market and state support. This was followed by further changes to border and immigration regimes across Europe in response to refugee movements from elsewhere in the world. The consequences of debordering and the migration of hundreds of thousands of people from the EU's new member states to the UK, as well as the EU's responses to refugee movements, formed a key focus in debates surrounding the UK's exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 referendum. The UK's subsequent exit from the Union has led to further changes in state bordering processes and practices primarily through the introduction of the Nationality and Borders Act (2022).However, after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the displacement of people from Ukraine fundamentally shifted the context for debates and policy-making relating to border regimes and forced migrants in the UK, but also the European Union and its members states. There is an urgent need for in-depth analysis of not only what these responses have been but also what they mean for the UK in terms of its positioning and geopolitical relations with the EU and the rest of the world. Such knowledge cannot be based solely upon analysis of elite policy-making and discourse, but requires an approach that draws together these multiple scales, including civil society actors and communities, where people have been working together to secure the lives of people from Ukraine.During this fellowship, the fellow will develop such analysis based on secondary and primary data from a range of sources. This will include a survey of and focus groups with hosts and people from Ukraine living with host families in Poland, Romania and the UK, interviews with decision-makers in civil society organisations and policy-makers in all three countries, as well as in-depth analysis of policies, parliamentary debates and media discourses surrounding governmental responses to the displacement. This complex, multi-stranded approach will enable the development of a detailed understanding of the interplay between all of these actors in shaping bordering processes and practices during and after the invasion.