TWIN STUDY OF ADHD, CD, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

描述(申请人摘要)：尽管将精神病理学外化为 作为注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)和品行障碍(CD) 一直与药物滥用的发展有关，并且 尽管基因似乎影响物质使用障碍的风险，但这些 相关形式的精神病理学，相对知之甚少 遗传影响的机制或遗传因素的过程 与非遗传因素相结合影响糖尿病的发生发展 药物滥用和这些相关的行为障碍。为了解决这个问题 在这些问题上，我们建议启动一项对400对 11岁的双胞胎，他们的母亲和父亲。双胞胎的身份将被确认 从出生记录中选择，以便314对中将至少有一个 患有多动症、早发性CD或两者兼有的成员。另外，86对无ADHD 或CD也将包括在内。当这314个受影响的对与 来自我们其他正在进行的研究项目的青少年双胞胎，我们将有 超过500对双胞胎，至少有一名成员患有ADHD或 早发性CD(导致700多人患有这些诊断之一)，以及 超过650对双胞胎，其中两个成员都没有任何障碍。双胞胎和 父母最初将在11岁时接受面对面评估，随后进行评估 每年进行简短的电话采访，并进行面对面的跟踪 每三年进行一次评估。面对面评估将包括 综合测量：1)精神状态，2)心理生理 风险标记物，3)个人层面的风险因素，包括个性和 4)环境风险因素，包括对父母的依恋， 对学校和同龄人团体模型的依恋。在…的最初阶段 资金，分析11岁的摄入量和14岁的后续数据将集中在 表征遗传和环境对早发性物质的贡献 使用。为此，我们将：1)调查ADHD与 具有青少年物质使用的已知危险因素的早发性CD(例如， 家庭和同龄人关系)，并在青少年开始使用药物之前 15岁、2岁)对危险因素和诊断数据进行完整的生物统计分析 估计遗传和环境因素在多大程度上 在这些因素上的个体差异；3)调查 基因-环境相互作用和贡献的相关模型 ADHD与非抑制性精神病理学对早发性青少年物质的影响 使用。我们的意图是在成年初期继续跟随这个群体，所以 这些模型对成人药物滥用的适用性可以是 评估过了。

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's Abstract): Although externalizing psychopathology such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) have been consistently associated with the development of substance abuse, and although genes appear to influence risk for substance use disorders and these related forms of psychopathology, relatively little is known about the mechanism of genetic influence or the processes by which genetic factors combine with non-genetic factors to affect the development and course of substance abuse and these related behavioral disorders. In order to address these issues, we propose to initiate a longitudinal study of 400 pairs of 11-year-old twins, their mothers and their fathers. Twins will be identified from birth records and selected so that 314 of the pairs will have at least one member with ADHD, early-onset CD, or both. An additional, 86 pairs without ADHD or CD will also be included. When these 314 affected pairs are combined with adolescent twin pairs from our other ongoing research projects, we will have more than 500 pairs of twins having at least one member with either ADHD or early-onset CD (yielding over 700 individuals with one of these diagnoses), and over 650 twin pairs where both members have neither disorder. Twins and the parents will be initially assessed in-person at age 11, followed subsequently with brief telephone interviews annually and with a follow-up in-person assessment every three years. The in-person assessment will include comprehensive measurement of: 1) psychiatric status, 2) psychophysiological markers of risk, 3) individual-level risk factors including personality and achievement, and 4) environmental risk factors including attachment to parents, attachment to schools, and peer group models. For the initial period of funding, analysis of the age 11 intake and age 14 follow-up data will focus on characterizing genetic and environmental contributions to early onset substance use. Towards this end we will: 1) investigate the relationship of ADHD and early-onset CD with known risk factors for adolescent substance use (e.g., family and peer relationships) and with adolescent substance use onset prior to age 15, 2) complete biometrical analysis of the risk factor and diagnostic data to estimate the degree to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences on these factors, and 3) investigate genotype-environment interactional and correlational models of the contribution of ADHD and disinhibitory psychopathology on early onset adolescent substance use. Our intent is to continue to follow this cohort through early adulthood so that the applicability of these models for adult substance abuse can be assessed.