Trust after Betrayal: Global development interventions in the shadow of organized violence

该项目是对在有组织暴力背景下展开的全球发展干预的跨学科调查。它采用了一种新的方法来现场研究发展干预措施，将组织和行为研究的专门知识与关于战争、战后和非战争暴力背景的深刻人种学知识结合起来，以分析构成这些干预措施目标人群日常社区生活的组织动态和性别社会进程的交集。它首先询问人际信任是如何在这些试图促进发展和社会修复的结构化接触中形成、竞争和破坏的，并将这些动态追溯到日常社会互动中。然后，它问这些发现对计划和政策设计和评估有什么影响。这个项目直接回应了学术界和实践者在这一领域几乎完全没有注意到人际信任的问题，尽管人们普遍承认，在这些环境中，不信任是一个常见的挑战。项目地点位于拉丁美洲，因为该地区持续存在高水平的有组织暴力。特别是哥伦比亚、墨西哥和萨尔瓦多，是该地区近80%的凶杀死亡案例的发源地，并获得了所有官方发展援助的22%。然而，尽管有这一区域重点，这些发现将在全球层面上对受暴力影响的人口、干预机构和捐助社区产生影响。该项目从试图(重新)融入或(重新)进入接收社区的个人的角度来处理其分析问题--前游击队，即以前被监禁的前帮派成员。这一设计决定承认，这些身份类别的定义边界是动态的，通常沿着各种轴线(例如，合法性、暴力和可管理性)具有模糊的边界。然而，在这些背景下，关于信任和社区建设的新知识可能在实质性方面对可比社区产生全球相关的影响，即使是不同的方式。它摒弃了更多以受害者为中心的标准做法，因为它渴望打破暴力循环，脱离那些以前卷入暴力的人的社会地位，这些人后来决定寻求和平的替代办法。这种定位伴随着两个警告：首先，它认真对待他们所处的复杂社会和历史背景以及参与者的集合，承认叛逆者和被背叛者之间往往没有明确的二分法。其次，这种救赎之路是个人和他或她的同代人通过日常生活和干预遭遇共同构建的，而不是个人意志的单独结果。研究背叛后的信任是一项复杂的任务，超出了单一学科的范围。为了解决这一问题，该项目主要采用了人种学研究设计，同时也借鉴了半结构化访谈、档案研究和生活史。它建立在与东道国从业人员和学者在人类学、组织研究和和平研究方面的现有对话的基础上，借鉴了关于这些领域的理论和方法贡献的新工作。它还与公共政策、区域、国际和发展研究进行对话。因此，它不仅将为进行跨学科研究的科学做出新的理论和实证见解。它使用跨国、非摘录的研究方法来确保背景相关性，增加研究结果的潜在影响，并通过各种方法实现知识共享和利益攸关方参与，使学术研究非殖民化。

This project is an interdisciplinary investigation into global development interventions that unfold against the backdrop of organised violence. It applies a novel approach to studying development interventions in situ by weaving together expertise in organizational and behavioural studies with deep ethnographic knowledge of war, post-war, and non-war violent contexts to analyse the intersection of organizational dynamics and gendered social processes that comprise everyday community life among the populations targeted by these interventions. It asks first how interpersonal trust is forged, contested, and undermined within these structured encounters that attempt to promote development and social repair, tracing these dynamics out into daily social interactions. It then asks what the implications are of these findings for program and policy design and evaluation. This project directly responds to the near complete absence of academic and practitioner attention to the topic of interpersonal trust in this domain, despite the widespread acknowledgement that mistrust is a common challenge in these environments. The project sites are located in Latin America due to the persistent high levels of organised violence in the region. Colombia, Mexico, and El Salvador, in particular, are home to nearly 80% of the homicide deaths in the region, and receive 22% of all Official Development Assistance. Despite this regional focus, however, the findings will have implications at the global level for violence-affected populations, intervention agencies, and donor communities.The project approaches its analytic problem of from the perspective of individuals attempting (re)integration or (re)entry into a receiving community - former guerrillas, the formerly incarcerated, ex-gang members. This design decision acknowledges that the definitional boundaries of these identity categories are dynamic, often with blurred boundaries along a variety of axes (e.g., legality, violence, and governability). Nevertheless, new knowledge about trust- and community-building in these contexts can have globally relevant implications for comparable communities in substantive, even if differentiated ways. It moves away from more standard victims-centric approach because it aspires to break cycles of violence from the social position of those previously implicated in that violence and who have since decided to pursue peaceful alternatives. This positioning comes with two caveats: first, it takes seriously the complex social and historical contexts and assemblage of actors within which they embed, acknowledging that there is often no clear dichotomy between betrayers and the betrayed. Second, that such pathways to redemption are co-constructed between the individual and his or her contemporaries through daily life and the intervention encounter and are not the result of individual volition alone.Researching trust after betrayal represents a complex undertaking, beyond the scope of a single discipline. To address this, the project deploys a primarily ethnographic research design, while also drawing from semi-structured interviews, archival research, and life histories. It builds on existing conversations with practitioners and scholars in the host countries in anthropology, organizational studies, and peace studies, drawing from emerging work on the theoretical and methodological contributions of these domains. It also works in conversation with public policy, area, international, and development studies. As a result, it will not only contribute novel theory and empirical insight, but also to the science of conducting interdisciplinary research. It uses a transnational, non-extractive research approach to ensure contextual relevance, increase the potential impact of the study's findings, and decolonise academic research through various approaches to knowledge-sharing and stakeholder engagement.