From Ions to Ecosystems: A Novel Framework for the Biomonitoring and Management of Vulnerable and Commercial Fishes

水生生态系统提供各种重要的商品和服务，包括渔业、能源和海岸保护。然而，这些脆弱的生态系统日益受到气候变化、污染物和过度捕捞等相互作用的压力的威胁。为了在日益不可预测的气候中保护关键的生态系统服务和确保粮食安全，迫切需要提高我们对鱼类栖息地要求及其对不同压力的脆弱性的了解。在这个方案中，我们正在使用综合系统方法来解决这些知识差距，为21世纪水生生态系统的可持续管理提供新的解决方案。为了提供可持续的渔业管理，我们需要了解鱼类跨物种和生命阶段的连接模式。电子档案标签的出现大大增强了我们对鱼类运动和栖息地利用的了解，但样本大小可能受到高成本的限制，而且标签通常仅限于较大身体的物种和生命阶段。因此，我们往往对支持我们商业渔业的幼鱼生命阶段和苗圃栖息地知之甚少。幸运的是，所有的动物都配备了自己固有的“感应器”，这些感应器可以记录它们成长过程中所处的内外环境的大量信息。通过询问鱼耳石和眼镜片等逐渐生长的组织中的生物地球化学示踪剂，我们将阅读它们的“生活故事”，并对它们过去的健康和栖息地使用情况获得独特的见解。这些组织通常表现出类似于树轮的生长带(生物年表)，使我们能够及时回顾以重建鱼的年龄、生长和运动时间，提供令人兴奋的机会来探索应激源对其生理和健康的潜在和累积影响。尽管档案标签、化学示踪剂和生物年表有明确的机会相互交叉验证和加强，但它们很少结合使用。该方案旨在展示如何整合和推广这些工具，以支持有效的生态系统管理。这一全球方案涉及一系列案例研究，其中整合了新兴技术(例如电子档案标签和机器学习)、新型化学示踪剂和建模，以量化和预测关键鱼类物种在广泛的全球变化情景中的活动和适宜性。我们正在以北海为模式系统，探索综合鱼类健康和连通性监测如何加强海洋空间规划。通过配对来自同一条鱼的耳石化学和档案标签数据，我们将确定使用耳石示踪器重建个体运动模式的最佳方法。为了阐明导致渔业业绩年际变化的机制，我们将开发和验证重建鱼类健康和污染物暴露历史的新工具。为了揭示脆弱的鲑鱼的关键栖息地、食物来源和精细的运动模式，我们将使用同位素地图(等值线)和示踪剂，并结合新的机器学习方法。为了量化低氧对鱼类大小和适合度的潜在和累积影响，我们将结合档案标签记录和化学示踪剂，然后预测这一日益严重的环境问题对渔业生产力和稳定性的影响。这些案例研究的总体综合将提供对鱼类栖息地需求及其对相互作用压力的脆弱性的新见解，提高我们预测渔业对不同全球变化和管理情景的反应的能力。最后，为了促进多学科创新和将这些新兴工具纳入主流资源管理，我们将建立一个致力于探索、翻译和应用鱼类组织中的化学记录的国际联盟(摘录)。

Aquatic ecosystems provide a variety of critical goods and services, including fisheries, energy and coastal protection. However, these fragile ecosystems are increasingly threatened by interacting stressors such as climate change, pollutants and overfishing. To protect key ecosystem services and ensure food security in an increasingly unpredictable climate, there is a pressing need to improve our understanding of fish habitat requirements and their vulnerability to different stressors. In this programme, we are using an integrated systems approach to address these knowledge gaps, providing novel solutions for the sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems in the 21st Century.To deliver sustainable fisheries management we need to understand fish connectivity patterns across species and life stages. Our knowledge of fish movements and habitat use has been significantly enhanced by the advent of electronic archival tags, but sample sizes can be limited by high costs, and the tags are typically restricted to larger-bodied species and life stages. Accordingly, we often know very little about juvenile life stages and the nursery habitats supporting our commercial fisheries. Luckily, all animals are equipped with their own intrinsic 'sensors' that record a wealth of information about the internal and external environment as they grow. By interrogating biogeochemical tracers in incrementally-grown tissues such as fish ear stones and eye lenses, we will read their 'life stories' and gain unique insights into their past health and habitat use. These tissues often exhibit growth bands ('biochronologies'), analogous to tree rings, which allow us to look back in time to reconstruct the fish's age, growth and movement timings, providing exciting opportunities to explore latent and cumulative effects of stressors on their physiology and health. Despite clear opportunities for archival tags, chemical tracers and biochronologies to cross-validate and augment each other, they are rarely used in combination. This programme aims to demonstrate how to integrate and scale these tools to support effective ecosystem management.This global programme involves a series of case studies that integrate emerging technologies (e.g. electronic archival tags and machine learning), novel chemical tracers and modelling to quantify and predict the movements and fitness of key fish species over a broad range of global change scenarios. We are using the North Sea as a model system to explore how integrated fish health and connectivity monitoring could enhance marine spatial planning. By pairing otolith chemistry and archival tag data from the same fish, we will determine optimal methods for reconstructing individual movement patterns using otolith tracers. To shed light on the mechanisms driving interannual variability in fisheries performance, we will develop and validate new tools for reconstructing fish health and contaminant exposure history. To reveal the critical habitats, dietary sources and fine-scale movement patterns of vulnerable salmonids we will use isotopic maps ('isoscapes') and tracers combined with novel machine learning methods. To quantify the latent and cumulative effects of hypoxia on fish size and fitness we will combine archival tag records and chemical tracers, then predict the impact of this growing environmental issue on fisheries productivity and stability. The overall synthesis of these case studies will provide new insights into fish habitat needs and their vulnerabilities to interacting stressors, improving our ability to predict fishery responses to differing global change and management scenarios. Finally, to promote multidisciplinary innovation and the integration of these emerging tools into mainstream resource management, we will establish an International Consortium dedicated to the EXploration, TRanslation and Application of Chemical records in fish Tissues (EXTRACT).