HRQ:Reevaluating the Remote: a realist evaluation of the practical, epistemological and ethical status of remote qualitative data collection in health

COVID-19大流行迫使许多定性研究人员远程收集数据（例如，在线或通过电话）。然而，很少有人知道这些方法的结果数据的质量的影响，也没有对参与者的影响。目前尚不清楚哪些人的声音可能会被遗漏，也没有关于哪些远程方法最有效以及在什么情况下最有效的现有指导。该项目探讨了远程数据收集的影响，既对它产生的数据，谁产生它的人（研究人员和研究参与者）。首先，将对现有的研究证据进行审查。这项审查将汇集和评估以前在一项研究中使用远程和面对面方法的研究，并对它们进行比较。通过评估这些研究中的数据并加以综合，将有可能建立远程收集对许多研究中数据质量的影响的图景，以形成证据基础。一旦了解远程数据收集对数据质量的影响，将对已发表的研究进行第二次审查。本次审查将探讨如何以及在何种情况下产生高质量的远程定性数据。为了做到这一点，审查将集中在健康研究人员的思考和想法，以及建议进行远程研究，发表在研究指南。通过本次审查，将发展理论来帮助回答如何以及在什么情况下可以产生最佳质量数据的问题。为了测试发展中的理论的正确性，将对研究人员进行大约三十次采访和研究参与者。之前进行过远程研究的研究人员将从广泛的专业背景和健康研究类型中选择进行面试。以前参加过研究（远程或亲自）的人也将接受采访，以探讨他们对数据收集工作的看法。为了确保广泛的人都包括在内，将研究审查的结果，看看谁的声音有时可能会被错过使用远程研究方法（如老年人，或那些谁不会说英语）。我们还将特别努力采访这些人，了解他们为什么不参与远程研究，以及如何通过社区链接和网络找到他们来改变这种情况。采访的结果将用于最终确定关于使用远程方法创建高质量数据的理论。研究人员将与一个由8名公众组成的小组合作，将这些理论编写成一个指导框架，以帮助未来的研究人员决定如何设计和执行他们的研究。在项目的最后阶段，将与公众、研究参与者、研究人员和资助研究的组织举行一次会议。这将是一个介绍指导意见并从一系列利益攸关方获得反馈的机会。在小休息-我们的小组，参与者将辩论和讨论任何不清楚的建议，或有争议的。经过讨论，与会者将就向研究人员提供指导的最佳方式达成共识，以确保最高的研究质量。会议结束后，将通过出版物、网站资源和在线培训模块向世界各地的研究人员提供最终框架。它将在研究方法培训网站上做广告，并分发给研究资助者，以帮助他们评估新应用程序的质量。还将创建一个展示该框架开发的白板风格动画视频，发布在YouTube上并在线分享，以突出该项目以及公众在创建该项目中所扮演的角色。

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many qualitative researchers to collect their data remotely (for example, online or via phones). However, little is known about the effects of these methods on the quality of resulting data, nor its impacts on participants. It is not clear whose voices might be missed, and there is little existing guidance on which remote methods work best, and under what circumstances. This project explores the impacts of remote data collection, both on the data it produces, and the people who produce it (researchers and research participants). Firstly, a review of existing research evidence will be conducted. This review will draw together, and assesses, previous studies that have used both remote and in-person methods within one study, and compared them. By assessing the data in these studies and synthesising them, it will be possible to build up a picture of the effects of remote collection on data quality across many studies to form an evidence base. Once it is understood what effect remote data collection has on data quality, a second review of published studies will be conducted. This review will explore how, and under which circumstances good quality remote qualitative data is produced. To do this, the review will focus on health researchers' reflections and ideas, as well as recommendations for carrying out remote research that are published in research guidelines. Through the course of this review, theories will be developed to help answer the questions of how, and under which circumstances, the best quality data can be produced.In order to test that the developing theories are correct, approximately thirty interviews will be conducted with researchers and research participants. Researchers who have previously done remote studies will be chosen for interview from a wide range of professional backgrounds and types of health research. People who have previously taken part in research (remotely or in-person) will also be interviewed to explore their perspectives on what makes data collection work well. To ensure a wide variety of people are included, the findings of the reviews will be looked at to see whose voices might sometimes get missed by using remote research methods (e.g. elderly people, or those who do not speak English). Special efforts will be made to also interview these people, to find out why they might not participate in remote research and how this could be changed, using community links and networks to find them.The results of the interviews will be used to finalise the theories about what works, and what doesn't, in creating good quality data using remote methods. In conjunction with a panel of eight people from the general public, these theories will then be written up into a framework of guidance, to help future researchers make decisions about how to design and carry out their studies.In the final stage of the project, a conference will be held with members of the public, research participants, researchers and organisations who fund research. This will be an opportunity to present the guidance, and to get feedback on it from a range of stakeholders. In small break-our groups, the participants will debate and discuss any recommendations that are not clear, or are controversial. After discussion, participants will reach a consensus on the best way to present the guidance to researchers to ensure the highest quality of research. Following the conference, the final framework will be made available to researchers throughout the world via publications, a website resource and an online training module. It will be advertised on research methods training websites, and distributed to research funders to help them assess the quality of new applications. A whiteboard style animated video showing the development of the framework will also be created, posted on youtube and shared online to highlight the project, as well as the role of the general public in creating it.