MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS, ALCOHOL USE, AND DEVELOPMENT

这项提议的目标是确定一个未研究的风险/保护因素--早晨/晚上--如何有助于酒精滥用的原因和预防。我们努力的主旨是从理论上对一系列关于社会功能和酗酒的评估进行审查。拟议的项目包括对瑞典四项纵向和横断面研究的数据进行进一步的准备和二次分析。在指导研究的发展框架中，酒精问题在具有其他个人属性的配置中发展或减少，并嵌入整个生命周期的社会环境中。我们关注的是作为行为连续性和变化基础的过程。提供理论支持的是，在6个月大的时候，个体在明/暗夹带以及相关的唤醒和疲劳的生理状态--晨型和晚型--方面的稳定个体差异首次出现。对于M型人来说，清晨唤醒与文化期望一致，并与家庭和学校的适应功能有关。对于E型人来说，早晨疲劳和晚上唤醒与危险因素有关，包括酗酒、学校不满、与父母的冲突和反社会行为。调查结果的例外情况，即有弹性的E型和脆弱的M型是重要的。在适用于数据时，将使用传统的单变量和多变量统计程序。对于其他目的，将使用以人为本的方法，通过集群分析来确定同质配置；将结合分层线性建模(HLM)来测试结果配置的发展轨迹。具体目标包括：(1)测试预测，E型和M型儿童的心理功能和与父母的互动在婴儿期和学龄前早期将没有差异，但随着5岁后对早间表现的需求增加而出现；(2)测试预测，包括疲劳、阴郁情绪和抑郁在内的清晨低唤醒指标将与晚间活动有关，但与酗酒无关；M型儿童的抑郁可能与酗酒有关；(3)M型儿童的抑郁可能与酗酒有关；(3)绘制发育不同阶段的风险和复原力图，以澄清多个病因过程，并证明发育系统理论将不同的结果联系起来。

The goal of this proposal is to determine the ways in which an unstudied risk/protective factor - Morningness/Eveningness- contributes to alcohol abuse etiologies and prevention. The thrust of our efforts is a theoretically derived examination of a wide array of assessments of social functioning and alcohol abuse. The proposed project consists of further preparation and secondary analysis of data from four Swedish longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. In the developmental framework that guides the research, alcohol problems develop or diminish in configurations with other individual attributes and are embedded within social circumstances across the life cycle. We are concerned with processes that underlie behavioral continuities and changes. Theoretical support is provided by finding that stable individual differences in light/dark entrainment and associated physiological states of arousal and fatigue -- Morning- and Evening-types -- first emerge at 6 months. For M-types, morning arousal is consistent with cultural expectations and related to adaptive functioning at home and in school. For E-types, morning fatigue and evening arousal are linked to risk factors, including alcohol abuse, school disaffection, conflicts with parents, and antisocial behavior. Exceptions to findings, i.e., resilient E-types and vulnerable M-types are of importance. Traditional univariate and multivariate statistical procedures will be used when appropriate to the data. For other purposes, a person-oriented approach will be used to identify homogenous configurations through cluster analyses; developmental trajectories of resultant configurations will be tested in conjunction with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Specific aims include: (1) test predictions that psychological functioning and interactions with parents will not differ for E- and M-types in infancy and early preschool years, but appear with increased demands for morning performance by age 5; (2) test predictions that low morning arousal indicators, including fatigue, dark moods, and depression will be related to Eveningness, but unrelated to alcohol abuse; depression in M-types, particularly females, may be associated with alcohol abuse; and (3) map configurations of risk and resilience at different points in development to clarify multiple etiologic processes and demonstrate that developmental systems theory links disparate outcomes.